Figure 2. ICAM-1 pathway activation schematic.

Activation of ICAM-1 pathway by LLV: (A) LLV adhere to inflamed endothelium interacting with ICAM-1 through adhesive receptors LFA-1 and Mac-1 (see inset). This interaction is efficient in activating the ICAM-1 pathway. Subsequently, ICAM-1 pathway activation results in an increase in intracellular calcium and ROS concentrations, resulting in an independent activation of PKCα. PKCα increases lead to the phosphorylation of VE-cadherin, resulting in the disassembly of VE-cadherin and protein displacement. (B) Following protein displacement of VE-cadherin, gaps between endothelial cells form, leading to an increase in vascular permeability and payload transport into the extracellular matrix.