Table 5.
Important pitfalls
| Code | P11: Missing domain or range in properties |
| Description | Object and/or datatype properties without domain or range (or none of them) are included in the ontology. |
| Appears in | For example: http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/part |
| Reason | All the cases refer to meronimy relations that can be applied to any of the classes of the ontology. |
| Other useful information | subClassOf(‘Physical Anatomical Entity’, ‘Material Anatomical Entity’) |
| Implications | None. |
| Correction | We chose not to change anything, since it is not an error per se, just an implication of the current domain. |
| Code | P25: Defining a relationship as inverse to itself. |
| Description | A relationship is defined as inverse of itself. |
| Appears in | inverseOf(continuous_with, continuous_with), inverseOf(articulates_with, articulates_with) |
| Reason | This relationship could have been defined as owl:SymmetricProperty instead. |
| Correction | Remove both inverseOf axioms. SymmetricProperty(continuous_with) and SymmetricProperty(articulates_with)already existed in the ontology. |
| Code | P26: Defining inverse relationships for a symmetric one. |
| Description | A symmetric object property is defined as inverse of another object property. |
| Appears in | inverseOf(continuous_with, continuous_with), SymmetricProperty(continuous_with), inverseOf(articulates_with, articulates_with), SymmetricProperty(articulates_with) |
| Correction | This pitfall corrects itself as a result of correcting pitfall P25. |
| Code | P24: Using recursive definitions. |
| Description | An ontology element is used in its own definition. |
| Appears in | continuous_with, articulates_with,‘Frontal part of head’ |
| Other useful information | ‘Frontal part of head’ attributed_part.( ∃(related_part.‘Frontal part of head’) ⊓(1 partition.{‘Partition’})) |
| Correction | The problems concerning continuous_with and articulates_with correct themselves as a result of correcting pitfall P25. Moreover, we feel that the aforementioned axiom involving ‘Frontal part of head’ is correct, so we chose not to change it. |
| Code | P34: Untyped class. |
| Description | An ontology element is used as a class without having been explicitly declared as such using the primitives owl:Class or rdfs:Class. |
| Appears in | ‘Anatomical entity’ |
| Correction | owl:Class(‘Anatomical entity’) added to the ontology. |
| Code | P30: Equivalent classes not explicitly declared. |
| Description | Missing the definition of equivalent classes (owl:equivalentClass) in case of duplicated concepts. |
| Appears in | Cheek vs. Face, Ear vs. Pinna, Mouth vs. Lip, Limb vs. Arm |
| Reason | The names of both classes appear in a common synset (set of synonyms) in WordNet [45]. |
| Correction | None. We checked each of the suggestions by looking up in WordNet the synsets where each pair appears. For example, Cheek and Face appear in a synset with terms such as Boldness, Nerve and Brass, refering to impudent aggressiveness, not the body part, which is the meaning intended in the ontology. Same applies to the other pairs. Thus, we did not change anything in the ontology |