Fig. 5.

QQ plots of the p-values resulted from the GWAS analysis from real phenotype wheat data with 50 % missing rate and a Bonferroni threshold corrected by the effective number of independent markers. For each trait measured and each marker score matrix evaluated, a qq-plot of the p-values from the GWAS analysis is presented. The marker score matrices were: NImp (not imputed) in turquoise, Mean (mean imputed) in green, MVN-EM (Multivariate Normal Expectation Maximization method) in coral and RF (Random Forest method) in orchid. The phenotype traits are: DH, days to heading; PH, Plant Height; SPM, Spikes Per Square Meter; TKW, Thousands Kernel Weight