TABLE 1.

Clinical Variables of Intubations by Study Period

Variable	Period 1 (n = 273 Intubations)	Period 2 (n = 236 Intubations)	P
Postnatal age, median d [IQR]	14 [1–45]	2 [1–20.5]	<.001
Postmenstrual age, median wk [IQR]	32 [29–38]	32 [28–38]	.46
Wt, median g [IQR]	1560 [1010–2870]	1758 [1010–2995]	.67
Sex (male), n (%)	170 (62.3)	130 (55.1)	.1
Craniofacial anomaly,a n (%)	10 (4)	16 (7)	.11
Fio2 before intubation, median [IQR]	46 [32–68]	43 [30–60]	.06
Respiratory support immediately before intubation, n (%)
Mechanical ventilator	71 (26)	57 (24)	.01*
CPAP/NIPPV	85 (31)	111 (47)
High-flow nasal cannula	97 (36)	58 (25)
Nasal cannula	6 (2)	5 (2)
Room air	10 (4)	4 (2)
Headbox	4 (1)	1
Any premedication use, n (%)	201 (73.6)	204 (86.4)	<.001
Opiate use	192 (70.3)	200 (84.8)	<.001
Benzodiazepine use	123 (45.1)	50 (21.2)	<.001
Muscle relaxant use	16 (5.9)	31 (13.1)	.005
Intubation attempts, median [IQR]	2 [1–3]	2 [1–3]	.49
Proceduralist on first attempt, n (%)
Resident	36 (13.2)	45 (19.2)	.33*
Neonatology fellow	122 (44.7)	97 (41.3)
NNP/hospitalist	104 (38.1)	83 (35.3)
Otherb	11 (4)	10 (4.3)
Self-reported experience level of first attempt proceduralists, n (%)
<10 attempts	41 (15.1)	60 (25.5)	.001*
10–40 attempts	104 (38.2)	60 (25.5)
>40 attempts	127 (46.7)	115 (49)
Intubation urgency, n (%)
Elective	72 (26.6)	77 (32.8)	.04*
Urgent	170 (62.7)	146 (62.1)
Emergent	29 (10.7)	12 (5.1)

CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Fio₂, fraction of inspired oxygen; NIPPV, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; NNP, neonatal nurse practitioner.

^aCraniofacial anomalies include cleft lip, cleft palate, choanal atresia or stenosis, and Pierre Robin syndrome.

^bOther proceduralists include attending neonatologists, respiratory therapists, anesthesiologists, otolaryngologists, and NNP students.

^*P value for the entire covariate.