Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of subjects with T2DM
| Total | Duration of diabetes |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <10 years | 10 to <20 years | ≥20 years | ||
| N (male %) | 9956 (62.2) | 3580 (62.6) | 3919 (61.5) | 2457 (62.8) |
| Age, years | 65±12 | 61±12 | 66±11 | 71±9*** |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 14±9 | 6±3 | 14±3 | 27±6*** |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.9±4.2 | 25.5±4.3 | 25.0±4.2 | 24.0±3.9*** |
| HbA1c, % | 7.04±0.89 | 6.91±0.92 | 7.10±0.90 | 7.16±0.81*** |
| Diet/tablets/tablets+insulin/insulin (%) | 12.1/69.3/14.1/4.5 | 20.5/69.8/6.6/3.1 | 8.6/74.4/13.6/3.5 | 5.4/60.4/25.9/8.3*** |
| HbA1c on target <7.0%, N (%) | 5268 (52.9) | 2213 (61.8) | 19 629 (50.1) | 1093 (44.5)*** |
| Systolic/diastolic BP, mm Hg | 126±14/72±11 | 126±14/74±10 | 127±14/72±10 | 127±15***/69±11*** |
| Use of antihypertensive agents, N (%) | 5308 (53.3) | 1586 (44.3) | 2149 (54.8) | 1573 (64.0)*** |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 5945 (59.7) | 1884 (52.6) | 2368 (60.4) | 1693 (68.9)*** |
| BP on target <130/80 mm Hg, N (%) | 4656 (46.8) | 1703 (47.6) | 1829 (46.7) | 1124 (45.7) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 105±27 | 109±29 | 105±27 | 102±26*** |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 55.3±14.9 | 54.8±14.6 | 55.3±15.0 | 55.9±15.2* |
| Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 130±31 | 135±33 | 130±31 | 124±28*** |
| Use of lipid-lowering agents, N (%) | 4661 (46.8) | 1538 (43.0) | 1942 (49.6) | 1181 (48.1)*** |
| Dyslipidemia, N (%) | 7104 (71.4) | 2563 (71.6) | 2864 (73.1) | 1677 (68.3)*** |
| Lipids on target, N (%) | 6524 (65.5) | 2165 (60.5) | 2593 (66.2) | 1766 (71.9)*** |
| All (HbA1c, BP, lipids) on target, N (%) | 2070 (20.8) | 813 (22.7) | 795 (20.3) | 462 (18.8)** |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.83±0.45 | 0.78±0.34 | 0.82±0.38 | 0.92±0.65*** |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 71±19 | 76±19 | 71±19 | 65±19*** |
| Albuminuria | ||||
| Normoalbuminuria, N (%) | 7017 (70.5) | 2738 (76.5) | 2728 (69.6) | 1551 (63.1)*** |
| Albuminuria, N (%) | 2939 (29.5) | 842 (23.5) | 1191 (30.4) | 906 (36.9)*** |
| Microalbuminuria, N (%) | 2376 (23.9) | 693 (19.4) | 985 (25.1) | 698 (28.4)*** |
| Macroalbuminuria, N (%) | 563 (5.6) | 149 (4.2) | 206 (5.3) | 208 (8.5)*** |
| CKD, N (%) | 4431 (44.5) | 1251 (34.9) | 1779 (45.4) | 1401 (57.0)*** |
| Retinopathy | ||||
| None, N (%) | 7328 (73.6) | 3048 (85.1) | 2881 (73.5) | 1399 (56.9)*** |
| Any retinopathy, N (%) | 2628 (26.4) | 532 (14.9) | 1038 (26.5) | 1058 (43.1)*** |
| Background, N (%) | 1489 (15.0) | 304 (8.5) | 643 (16.4) | 542 (22.1)*** |
| Proliferative, N (%) | 1139 (11.4) | 228 (6.4) | 395 (10.1) | 516 (21.0)*** |
| Neuropathy | ||||
| Abnormality ≥2 of the below a–c, N (%) a/b/c (%) |
2760/9956 (27.7) 22.3/44.6/36.2 |
695/3580 (19.4) 17.1/33.9/29.7 |
1119/3919 (28.6) 22.3/46.3/36.8 |
946/2457 (38.5)*** 29.9***/57.0***/45.0*** |
| All microvascular complications, N (%) | 639 (6.4) | 120 (3.4) | 232 (5.9) | 287 (11.7)*** |
| Macrovascular complications, N (%)† | 1234/9809 (12.6) | 270/3515 (7.7) | 476/3856 (12.3) | 488/2438 (20.0)*** |
| CAD, N (%) | 686 (7.0) | 122 (3.5) | 269 (7.0) | 295 (12.1)*** |
| Ischemic stroke, N (%) | 600 (6.2) | 138 (4.0) | 229 (6.0) | 233 (9.6)*** |
| PAD, N (%) | 116 (1.3) | 38 (1.2) | 39 (1.1) | 39 (1.7) |
a, Symptoms of polyneuropathy; b, abnormal tendon reflex; c, abnormal vibration perception.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
†Data for cardiovascular diseases were available in 9809 subjects.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PAD, peripheral artery disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.