Table 3.
Intervention characteristics
| Study | No. of sessions | Intervention | Delivery mode | Format | Intensity and duration | Control intervention | Outcome measures | Child age at assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feinberg and Kan39Feinberg et al40
41 Solmeyer et al42 |
8 | Family Foundations (FF). Aimed at mothers and fathers | Two group leaders with 3 days training offered at childbirth education departments at local hospitals | Group | Four sessions in pregnancy, four sessions after child is born until about 6.5 months old | The control group received a brief brochure in the mail about selecting quality childcare | Child development Parent–child relationship |
6.5 and 13.7 months |
| Hiscock et al37 Bayer et al38 |
3 | Toddlers without tears. Aimed at mothers and fathers | Nurse and parenting expert/child psychologist. Offered at the local Maternal and Child Health centre/MCH) | Group | Three sessions when infant is 8 months–15 months old | Treatment as usual | Child development | 8, 24 and 36 months |
| Doherty et al43 | 8 | Parenting Together. Aimed at mothers and fathers | Licensed parent educator. Group sessions in clinic | Home visit and group | One home visit and three group sessions in pregnancy, four group sessions when the child is 2–5 months old | Not described | Parent–child relationship | 6 and 12 months |
| Vlismas et al46 | 5 | Face-to-face (F2F). Aimed at mother and child | Psychologist led (the PI). Location not reported | Group | One weekly session for 5 weeks until the child is 3–7 months old | No treatment | Parent–child relationship | 3–7 months |
| Aronen47 Aronen and Kurkela48 49 Aronen and Arajärvi50 |
10 times a year for 5 years | Psychodynamic counselling. Aimed at mothers and fathers | Psychiatric nurse | Home visits | Ten sessions a year from birth until the child is 5 years old | 3–6 home visits from birth until the child is 6 months old | Child development | 10–11, 14–15 and 20–21 years |
| Dickie and Gerber44 | 16 hours over 8 weeks | Parent training. Aimed at mothers, fathers and infants | Not reported | Group | 16 hours over 8 weeks when child is 4–12 months | No treatment—waiting list | Parent–child relationship | 6–14 months |
| Minkovitz et al45 | Minimum 6 visits during 3 years | Healthy Steps for Young Children. Aimed at mothers and fathers | Trained Healthy steps specialists. Offered in homes and at clinics | Home visits, individual sessions and groups | Well-child visits, minimum 6 home visits, telephone hotline, developmental assessments, written materials, parent groups and link to community resources from birth to age 3 | Treatment as usual | Child development | 61–66 months |