. 2016 Sep 28;6(9):e011706. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011706

Table 4.

Child development outcomes as reported across studies included in the systematic review

Study	Measure	Outcome	Assessment	Child age	Time	Intervention		Control		Cohen's d	Other statistics
Study	Measure	Outcome	Assessment	Child age	Time	n	Mean(SD)	n	Mean(SD)	Cohen's d	Other statistics
Feinberg and Kan³⁹	IBQ-R	Duration of orienting	Q	6.5 months	PI	79		73		0.34 (0.02 to 0.66)	F = 4.33
	IBQ-R	Infant soothability	Q	6.5 months	PI	79		73		Mother: −0.03 (−0.34 to 0.29) Father: 0.33 (0.01 to 0.65)	Mother: β = −0.021; SD of DV: 0.84* Father: β = 0.312; SD of DV: 0.96*
	Child sleep habits	Child sleep habits	Q	6.5 months	PI	79		73		0.27 (−0.05 to 0.58)	β = 2.67
Feinberg et al⁴⁰	Homemade	Child behaviour—self-soothing	V	13.7 months	SF	73		68		Mother: 0.42 (0.09 to 0.76)	β = 0.30 SD = 0.73
	Homemade	Child behaviour—sustained attention	V	13.7 months	SF	73		68		Mother: 0.06 (−0.27 to 0.39)	β = 0.05 SD = 0.78
Feinberg et al⁴¹	CBCL	Total	Q	36 months	LF	70	45.23 (8.67)	65	46.17 (8.54)	0.11 (−0.23 to 0.45)
	Head Start Competence Scale	Social competence	Q	36 months	LF	69		65		0.43 (0.09 to 0.77)	β = 0.20; SD of DV = 0.48*
	Head Start Competence Scale	Emotional competence	Q	36 months	LF	69		65		0.25 (−0.09 to 0.59)	β = 0.13; SD of DV = 0.53*
Solmeyer et al⁴²	Homemade	Child adjustment problems	V	36 months	LF	65	0.005 (0.82)	63	−0.01 (0.65)	−0.02 (−0.37 to 0.33)
Hiscock et al³⁷	CBCL	Externalising	Q	18 months	PI	295		373		−0.02 (−0.20 to 0.15)	Adjusted mean dif: 0.16,SD of DV: 6.84*†
	CBCL	Internalising	Q	18 months	PI	295		373		−0.12 (−0.27 to 0.04)	Adjusted mean dif: 0.49, SD of DV: 4.26*†
	CBCL	Externalising	Q	24 months	SF	292		362		0.11 (−0.07 to 0.29)	Adjusted mean dif: −0.79, SD of DV: 7.31*†
	CBCL	Internalising	Q	24 months	SF	292		362		−0.03 (−0.19 to 0.12)	Adjusted mean dif: 0.19, SD of DV: 6.04*†
Bayer et al³⁸	CBCL	Externalising	Q	36 months	LF	259		330		0.11 (−0.08 to 0.30)	Adjusted mean dif: −0.8 SD of DV: 7.36*†
	CBCL	Internalising	Q	36 months	LF	259		330		0.11 (−0.05 to 0.28)	Adjusted mean dif: −0.6 SD of DV: 5.44*†
Aronen⁴⁷	Rutter Scale A	Mental State	Q	10–11 years	LF	70		66		RR = 0.13 (0.02 to 1.07)
Aronen and Kurkela⁴⁸	CBCL	Total	Q	14–15 years	LF	75	13.92 (10.45)	63	19.35 (15.5)	0.42 (0.08; 0.76)	df=1. t=2.49, p=0.014
	CBCL or YSR	Total	Q	14–15 years	LF	75		63		RR=0.11 (0.01 to 0.82)	Event/No event: Intervention:1/74 Control:8/55
	YSR	Total	Q	14–15 years	LF	74	25.2 (15.4)	62	32.5 (19.1)	0.42 (0.08 to 0.76)
Aronen and Arajävi⁵⁰	YASR	Total	Q	20–21 years	LF	73		63		0.37 (0.03 to 0.71)	Adjusted β=7.001, SD of DV=19.35* ‡
	YASR	Total	Q	20–21 years	LF	73		63		RR=0.31 (0.11 to 0.94)	Event/No event: Intervention:4/69 Control:11/52
	BDI	Total	Q	20–21 years	LF	73	3.00 (3.77)	63	4.68 (5.22)	0.37 (0.03 to 0.71)	t=2.154, p=0.033
Minkovitz et al⁴⁵	CBCL 1½–5	Emotionally reactive, anxious/depressed, sleep problems, or attention problems subscales	Q	61–66 months	LF	676		632		RR=1.21 (0.95 to 1.52)	OR 1.26 (0.94–1.69)§
	PEDS		Q	61–66 months	LF					RR 0.94 (0.76 to 1.16)	Event/no event: Intervention:138/538 Control:137/495
	SSRS	Total	Q	61–66 months	LF	676	55.9 (9.8)	632	55.2 (10.0)	0.07 (−0.04 to 0.18)

Bold: significant at the .05 level.

*SD calculated based on information in the study.

†Adjusted for child sex, mother educational level, household income, socioeconomic disadvantage score, child temperament status and whether mother was depressed, anxious or stressed.

‡Adjusted for initial family risk status.

§Adjusted for mother age, education, and race/ethnicity, number of siblings, owned home, family income, infant low birth weight and source of payment for care.

CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; DV, dependent variable; IBQ-R, Infant Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised; LF, long-term follow-up (>6 months postintervention); PEDS, Parents’ Evaluation of Development Status; PI, postintervention; Q, questionnaire; SF, short-term follow-up (≤6 months postintervention); SSRS, Social Skills Rating Scale; v, Video; YASR, Young Adult Self-Report; YSR, Youth Self-Report.