Table 5.
Parent–child relationship outcomes as reported across studies included in the systematic review
| Study | Measure | Outcome | Assessment | Child age | Time | Intervention |
Control |
Cohen's d | Other statistics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Feinberg et al40 | Homemade | Parenting—positivity | V | 13.7 months | SF | 70 | 68 | Mother: 0.36 (0.02 to 0.69) Father: 0.37 (0.03 to 0.70) |
Mother: β = 0.30, SD of DV: 0.86* Father: β = 0.32; SD of DV: 0.89* |
||
| Homemade | Parenting—negativity | V | 13.7 months | SF | 70 | 68 | Mother: 0.58 (0.24 to 0.93) Father: 1.38 (1.00 to 1.75) |
Mother: β = −0.19, SD of DV: 0.34* Father: β = −0.34, SD of DV: 0.31* |
|||
| Doherty et al43 | Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Total father–child interaction | V | 6 months | PI | 70 | 29.78 (7.30) | 62–64 | 27.55 (6.22) | 0.33 (−0.02 to 0.67) | |
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Warmth and emotional support | V | 6 months | PI | 70 | 4.76 (1.59) | 62–64 | 4.28 (1.43) | 0.32 (−0.03 to 0.66) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Intrusiveness | V | 6 months | PI | 70 | 4.89 (1.43) | 62–64 | 4.31 (1.71) | 0.37 (0.03 to 0.71) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Engagement with child | V | 6 months | PI | 70 | 5.49 (1.40) | 62–64 | 5.37 (1.29) | 0.09 (−0.25 to 0.43) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Positive affect | V | 6 months | PI | 70 | 4.69 (1.62) | 62–64 | 4.33 (1.39) | 0.24 (−0.10 to 0.58) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Negative affect | V | 6 months | PI | 70 | 6.32 (1.60) | 62–64 | 6.62 (0.76) | −0.24 (−0.58 to 0.11) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Dyadic synchrony | V | 6 months | PI | 70 | 3.64 (1.90) | 62–64 | 2.86 (1.40) | 0.46 (0.12 to 0.81) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Total father–child interaction | V | 12 months | SF | 70 | 29.72 (6.65) | 62–64 | 28.63 (6.29) | 0.17 (−0.17 to 0.51) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Warmth and emotional support | V | 12 months | SF | 70 | 4.71 (1.59) | 62–64 | 4.41 (1.46) | 0.20 (−0.15 to 0.54) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Intrusiveness | V | 12 months | SF | 70 | 4.81 (1.52) | 62–64 | 4.72 (1.45) | 0.06 (−0.28 to 0.40) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Engagement with child | V | 12 months | SF | 70 | 5.41 (1.39) | 62–64 | 5.18 (1.42) | 0.16 (−0.18 to 0.50) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Positive affect | V | 12 months | SF | 70 | 4.85 (1.57) | 62–64 | 4.52 (1.41) | 0.22 (−0.12 to 0.56) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Negative affect | V | 12 months | SF | 70 | 6.28 (1.70) | 62–64 | 6.77 (0.66) | −0.37 (−0.7 to −0.03) | ||
| Parent Behaviour Rating Scale | Dyadic synchrony | V | 12 months | SF | 70 | 3.66 (1.76) | 62–64 | 3.08 (1.33) | 0.37 (0.03 to 0.71) | ||
| Vlismas et al46 | Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale | Quality of Attachment | Q | 3–7 months | PI | 24 | 39.1 (2.31) | 24 | 39.0 (2.52) | 0.04 (−0.52 to 0.61) | |
| Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale | Absence of Hostility | Q | 3–7 months | PI | 24 | 19.2 (3.58) | 24 | 19.0 (2.72) | 0.07 (−0.50 to 0.63) | ||
| Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale | Pleasure of Interaction | Q | 3–7 months | PI | 24 | 20.9 (2.93) | 24 | 20.6 (3.78) | 0.09 (−0.48 to 0.65) | ||
| Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale | Total attachment | Q | 3–7 months | PI | 24 | 79.2 (7.79) | 24 | 78.6 (7.39) | 0.08 (−0.49 to 0.65) | ||
| Dickie and Gerber44 | Homemade | Frequency of infant-initiated interaction | V | 6–14 months | PI | 8 | 3.5 | 6 | 2.0 | 0.94 (−0.18 to 2.05) | Father: F = 3.41 |
Bold: significant at the .05 level.
*Adjusted for age, years of education and social desirability.
PI = postintervention; Q = questionnaire; SF = short-term follow-up (≤6 months postintervention); V = video.