Table 1.

Identified targets of signaling pathways in uterine fibroids

Pathways	Targets	Type of samples	Ref
Estrogen	ER	fibroid tissues	Al-Hendy A et al J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015
Estrogen	P53	fibroid cells	Gao Z et al. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab, 2002
Estrogen	c-fos, c-jun	fibroid tissues	Gustavsson I et al Mol Hum Reprod, 2000
Estrogen	connexin	fibroid tissues	Andersen J. et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1993
Estrogen	PDGF, PI3K, MAPK, PLCr	fibroid cells	Barbarisi A et al, J Cell Physiol. 2001
Estrogen	PKCα, ERK	fibroid cells	Nierth-Simpson, EN, Endocrinology, 2009
Estrogen	PPARr, PTEN	fibroid tissues and cells	Jeong YJ et al, Int. J. Oncol, 2011
Estrogen	IGF-1, Myb, MAPK	fibroid cells	Swartz CD, et al, Mol. Hum Reprod 2005
Progesterone	PR-A, PR-B	fibroid tissues	Tsigkou A et al Fertil Steril 2015; Al-Hendy A et al J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015
Progesterone	BCL-2	fibroid tissues	Matsuo H et al. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997
Progesterone	AKT	fibroid cells	Hoekstra AV et al J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab, 2009
Progesterone	IGF-1, EGF	fibroid cells	Yamada T, et al Human Reprod 2004
Progesterone	LAT2	fibroid cells	Luo X. et al J. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009
Progesterone	KLF11	fibroid cells	Yin P. et al Cancer Res, 2010
Progesterone	EGF	fibroid tissues	Shimomura Y et al. J Clin. Endocrinol Metab, 1998
Estrogen/progesterone	β-catenin, Axin2	Fibroid stem cells	Ono M et al, PNAS 2013
Estrogen/progesterone	Wnt 11, Wnt16	fibroid cells	Ono M et al, PNAS 2013
Estrogen/progesterone	miR-29b, collagen I α1	fibroid tissues	Wang T et al, Gen Chromosomes cancer, Marsh EE et al Fertil Steril 2008.
MED12 mutation	Wnt4, WISP1, β-catenin	fibroid tissues	Makinen N et al Science, 2011, Al-Hendy A et al J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016
Vitamin D	VDR, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2	fibroid cells	Halder SK et al Hum Reprod, 2013
Vitamin D	TGF-β signaling, Smad2	fibroid cells	Halder SK et al J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011
Vitamin D	ER, PR-A, PR-B	fibroid tissues and cells	Al-Hendy A et al J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015
Vitamin D	Wnt4, Wisp1, FEN1, mTOR	fibroid cells	Al-Hendy A et al J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016
PDGF	PCNA, collagen α1	fibroid cells	Liang M et al, Cancer Biol Ther, 2006
TGF-β3	PDGF, PDGF receptor	fibroid cells	Wolanska M et al Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Bio. 2007
TGF-β3	fibronectin	fibroid cells	Arici, Fertil Steril, 2000
TGF-β3	collagens	fibroid cells	Salama SA, Fertil Steril, 2012
IGF-1	BCL-2		Gao Z et al J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001
IGF-1	AKT		Peng L et al Fertil Steil 2009
IGF-1	MAPK	fibroid tissues	Yu L et al Mol Med 2008
Retinoic acid	RABP1, RABP2, ALDH1, ADH1	fibroid tissues and cells	Zaitseva M, et al. Hum Reprod 2008