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. 2016 Oct 3;20:2331216516669723. doi: 10.1177/2331216516669723

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© The Author(s) 2016

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 2. — Relative change in pupil dilation in response to two sentence types, observed in listeners with normal hearing (left and center panels) and listeners with cochlear implants (right panel). Greater magnitudes correspond to greater listening effort. The left dashed line (Time 0) shows the offset of the sentence while the right dashed line (Time 2 s) shows the timing of the response prompt. “High context” sentences contain early-occurring words that are semantically related to later-occurring words, allowing for prediction. In such cases, a reduced pupillary response is observed, particularly for listeners with normal hearing listening to normal speech (left panel).