Effects of American ginseng on AOM/DSS-induced colon carcinogenesis and chronic colitis. Colon tissue was collected at the end of week 13. (A) Representative macroscopic morphology of the whole colon (upper panel) and tumors (lower panel). (B) Representative microscopic H&E staining sections. (C) Colon tumor multiplicity was reduced significantly in the two ginseng groups in a dose-related manner. (D) Expression of inflammatory cytokine genes in colon tissues assayed by real-time PCR. (E) Expression of inflammatory cytokines assayed by ELISA. Model, AOM+DSS; AG, American ginseng; AG 15, AOM+DSS+AG (15 mg/kg/day); AG 30, AOM+DSS+AG (30 mg/kg/day). *, P < 0.05 and **, P < 0.01 compared to the model group.