TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and stress, KPNC DISTANCE, 2005–2007 (N = 3188)
| Sociodemographic characteristics | Total study sample | No high stress mean PSS ≤2a | High stress mean PSS>2a | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All samples | 3188 | 90 % | 10 % | |
| Mean age in years (SD) | 58 (10) range: 30–77 | 59 (10) | 56 (11) | 0.000 |
| Sex | 0.000 | |||
| Female | 1631 (51 %) | 1428 (88 %) | 203 (12 %) | |
| Male | 1557 (49 %) | 1426 (92 %) | 131 (8 %) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 456 (14 %) | 406 (89 %) | 50 (11 %) | 0.021 |
| African-American | 829 (26 %) | 741 (89 %) | 88 (11 %) | |
| Latino | 643 (20 %) | 557 (87 %) | 85 (13 %) | |
| Asian | 842 (26 %) | 775 (92 %) | 63 (8 %) | |
| Other | 418 (13 %) | 375 (90 %) | 42 (10 %) | |
| Education | 0.000 | |||
| ≤High School/GED/TS | 1804 (57 %) | 1571 (87 %) | 233 (13 %) | |
| ≥HS/GED/TS | 1330 (42 %) | 1234 (93 %) | 96 (7 %) | |
| Unknown/missing | 54 (2 %) | 49 (91 %) | 5 (9 %) | |
| Income, % poverty line | 0.000 | |||
| <100 % | 317 (10 %) | 256 (81 %) | 61 (19 %) | |
| 100–<300 % | 956 (30 %) | 823 (86 %) | 133 (14 %) | |
| 300–<600 % | 977 (31 %) | 902 (92 %) | 75 (8 %) | |
| ≥600 % | 598 (19 %) | 565 (94 %) | 33 (6 %) | |
| Missing | 340 (11 %) | 308 (91 %) | 32 (9 %) | |
| Marital status | 0.095 | |||
| Married/partner | 2074 (65 %) | 1873 (90 %) | 201 (10 %) | |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 687 (22 %) | 599 (87 %) | 88 (13 %) | |
| Never married/single | 403 (13 %) | 362 (90 %) | 41 (10 %) | |
| Missing | 24 (1 %) | 20 (83 %) | 4 (6 %) | |
| City | 0.048 | |||
| Oakland | 748 (23 %) | 659 (88 %) | 89 (12 %) | |
| Sacramento | 650 (20 %) | 572 (88 %) | 78 (12 %) | |
| San Francisco | 683 (21 %) | 610 (89 %) | 73 (11 %) | |
| San Jose | 1107 (35 %) | 1013 (92 %) | 94 (8 %) | |
| Neighborhood deprivationb (NDI) | 0.024 | |||
| Quartile 1, least deprived | 592 (19 %) | 550 (93 %) | 42 (7 %) | |
| Quartile 2 | 681 (21 %) | 612 (90 %) | 69 (10 %) | |
| Quartile 3 | 730 (23 %) | 651 (89 %) | 79 (11 %) | |
| Quartile 4, most deprived | 1173 (37 %) | 1031 (88 %) | 142 (12 %) | |
| Not available | 12 (<1 %) | 10 (83 %) | 2 (17 %) |
p Values were calculated using chi-square tests of association for categorical sociodemographic characteristic and analysis of variance for continuous sociodemographic characteristics
*Italicized p Values were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05
aStress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4)
bNeighborhood deprivation was calculated at the census tract level and categorized by quartiles