TABLE 1.
Racial/ethnic comparisons for legal intervention-related injuries treated in hospital emergency departments—nationally representative estimates for US men and women ages 15–34, 2001–2014
| Gender | Missingness assumption for race/ethnicitya | Race/ethnicity | Total number of ED vists | % of ED visits | % of US population | ED visit rate (per 100,000) | Rate ratio | Rate difference (per 100,000) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | Estimate | 95 % CI | |||||
| All | None | All | 683,033 | (524,102, 841,963) | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||||||
| White | 194,331 | (144,197, 244,465) | 35.9 | 59.7 | ||||||||
| Black | 241,394 | (129,014, 353,774) | 44.6 | 14.1 | ||||||||
| Latinob | 85,497 | (26,034, 144,960) | 15.8 | 19.4 | ||||||||
| Other persons of colorbc | 20,424 | (0, 41,727) | 3.8 | 6.7 | ||||||||
| Missingd | 141,387 | (79,924, 202,850) | 20.7 | |||||||||
| Missing at random | White (referent) | 245,058 | (182,857, 307,258) | 35.9 | 59.7 | 35.2 | (26.2, 44.1) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 304,406 | (184,769, 424,043) | 44.6 | 14.1 | 172.4 | (104.7, 240.2) | 4.90 | (3.07, 7.83) | 137.26 | (68.91, 205.62) | ||
| Latinob | 107,815 | (43,533, 172,096) | 15.8 | 19.4 | 50.1 | (20.2, 79.9) | 1.42 | (0.74, 2.72) | 14.91 | (−16.25, 46.07) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 25,755 | (1337, 50,174) | 3.8 | 6.7 | 32.7 | (1.7, 63.7) | 0.93 | (0.35, 2.48) | −2.47 | (−34.72, 29.78) | ||
| All missing are white | White (referent) | 335,718 | (256,400, 415,036) | 49.2 | 59.7 | 48.2 | (36.8, 59.6) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 241,394 | (129,014, 353,774) | 35.3 | 14.1 | 136.7 | (73.1, 200.4) | 2.84 | (1.68, 4.78) | 88.60 | (23.90, 153.23) | ||
| Latinob | 85,497 | (26,034, 144,960) | 12.5 | 19.4 | 39.7 | (12.1, 67.3) | 0.82 | (0.40, 1.72) | −8.47 | (−38.34, 21.40) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 20,424 | (0, 41,727) | 3.0 | 6.7 | 25.9 | (0.0, 53.0) | 0.54 | (0.19, 1.57) | −22.25 | (−51.59, 7.09) | ||
| All missing are black | White (referent) | 194,331 | (144,197, 244,465) | 28.5 | 59.7 | 27.9 | (20.7, 35.1) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 382,781 | (254,691, 510,871) | 56.0 | 14.1 | 216.9 | (144.3, 289.4) | 7.78 | (5.10, 11.86) | 188.94 | (116.03, 261.85) | ||
| Latinob | 85,497 | (26,034, 144,960) | 12.5 | 19.4 | 39.7 | (12.1, 67.3) | 1.42 | (0.68, 2.99) | 11.82 | (−16.72, 40.36) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 20,424 | (0, 41,727) | 3.0 | 6.7 | 25.9 | (0.0, 53.0) | 0.93 | (0.32, 2.72) | −1.96 | (−29.94, 26.02) | ||
| All missing are Latino | White (referent) | 194,331 | (144,197, 244,465) | 28.5 | 59.7 | 27.9 | (20.7, 35.1) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 241,394 | (129,014, 353,774) | 35.3 | 14.1 | 136.7 | (73.1, 200.4) | 4.90 | (2.88, 8.35) | 108.85 | (44.79, 172.91) | ||
| Latinob | 226,884 | (141,364, 312,403) | 33.2 | 19.4 | 105.4 | (65.7, 145.1) | 3.78 | (2.39, 5.97) | 77.49 | (37.12, 117.85) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 20,424 | (0, 41,727) | 3.0 | 6.7 | 25.9 | (0.0, 53.0) | 0.93 | (0.32, 2.72) | −1.96 | (−29.94, 26.02) | ||
| All missing are other persons of color | White (referent) | 194,331 | (144,197, 244,465) | 28.5 | 59.7 | 27.9 | (20.7, 35.1) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 241,394 | (129,014, 353,774) | 35.3 | 14.1 | 136.7 | (73.1, 200.4) | 4.90 | (2.88, 8.35) | 108.85 | (44.79, 172.91) | ||
| Latinob | 85,497 | (26,034, 144,960) | 12.5 | 19.4 | 39.7 | (12.1, 67.3) | 1.42 | (0.68, 2.99) | 11.82 | (−16.72, 40.36) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 161,811 | (96,760, 226,861) | 23.7 | 6.7 | 205.4 | (122.8, 288.0) | 7.37 | (4.57, 11.88) | 177.51 | (94.62, 260.39) | ||
| Men | None | All | 585,012 | (441,854, 728,170) | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||||||
| White | 166,238 | (121,915, 210,561) | 35.9 | 59.6 | ||||||||
| Black | 205,398 | (106,404, 304,391) | 44.4 | 14.6 | ||||||||
| Latinob | 73,909 | (23,648, 124,170) | 16.0 | 19.2 | ||||||||
| Other persons of colorbc | 17,033 | (0, 34,619) | 3.7 | 6.6 | ||||||||
| Missingd | 122,435 | (68,633, 176,236) | 20.9 | |||||||||
| Missing at random | White (referent) | 210,627 | (187,214, 234,041) | 36.0 | 59.6 | 59.6 | (44.0, 75.0) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 259,512 | (223,117, 295,907) | 44.4 | 14.6 | 299.5 | (178.3, 421.3) | 5.04 | (3.11, 8.16) | 240.30 | (117.81, 362.79) | ||
| Latinob | 93,202 | (73,361, 113,043) | 15.9 | 19.2 | 81.7 | (34.0, 129.9) | 1.38 | (0.73, 2.61) | 22.46 | (−27.91, 72.84) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 21,671 | (12,603, 30,738) | 3.7 | 6.6 | 55.8 | (3.0, 107.9) | 0.93 | (0.35, 2.49) | −4.06 | (−58.77, 50.66) | ||
| All missing are white | White (referent) | 288,673 | (244,350, 332,996) | 49.3 | 59.6 | 81.7 | (62.0, 101.4) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 205,398 | (106,404, 304,391) | 35.1 | 14.6 | 237.0 | (122.8, 351.3) | 2.90 | (1.69, 4.98) | 155.37 | (39.43, 271.30) | ||
| Latinob | 73,909 | (23,648, 124,170) | 12.6 | 19.2 | 64.8 | (20.7, 108.9) | 0.79 | (0.39, 1.63) | −16.88 | (−65.16, 31.40) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 17,033 | (0, 34,619) | 2.9 | 6.6 | 43.8 | (0.0, 89.1) | 0.54 | (0.19, 1.55) | −37.85 | (−87.21, 11.51) | ||
| All missing are black | White (referent) | 166,238 | (121,915, 210,561) | 28.4 | 59.6 | 47.0 | (34.5, 59.6) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 327,883 | (215,164, 440,502) | 56.0 | 14.6 | 378.3 | (248.3, 508.4) | 8.04 | (5.21, 12.43) | 331.31 | (200.68, 461.94) | ||
| Latinob | 73,909 | (23,648, 124,170) | 12.6 | 19.2 | 64.8 | (20.7, 108.9) | 1.38 | (0.66, 2.86) | 17.76 | (−28.05, 63.58) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 17,033 | (0, 34,619) | 2.9 | 6.6 | 43.8 | (0.0, 89.1) | 0.93 | (0.32, 2.71) | −3.21 | (−50.16, 43.75) | ||
| All missing are Latino | White (referent) | 166,238 | (121,915, 210,561) | 28.4 | 59.6 | 47.0 | (34.5, 59.6) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 205,398 | (106,404, 304,391) | 35.1 | 14.6 | 237.0 | (122.8, 351.3) | 5.04 | (2.91, 8.74) | 190.01 | (75.08, 304.94) | ||
| Latinob | 196,344 | (146,082, 246,606) | 33.6 | 19.2 | 172.1 | (107.6, 236.7) | 3.66 | (2.31. 5.80) | 125.10 | (59.34, 190.87) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 17,033 | (0, 34,619) | 2.9 | 6.6 | 43.8 | (0.0, 89.1) | 0.93 | (0.32, 2.71) | −3.21 | (−50.16, 43.75) | ||
| All missing are other persons of color | White (referent) | 166,238 | (121,915, 210,561) | 28.4 | 59.6 | 47.0 | (34.5, 59.6) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 205,398 | (106,404, 304,391) | 35.1 | 14.6 | 237.0 | (122.8, 351.3) | 5.04 | (2.91, 8.74) | 190.01 | (75.08, 304.94) | ||
| Latinob | 73,909 | (23,648, 124,170) | 12.6 | 19.2 | 64.8 | (20.7, 108.9) | 1.38 | (0.66, 2.86) | 17.76 | (−28.05, 63.58) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 139,468 | (121,881, 157,055) | 23.8 | 6.6 | 358.8 | (213.2, 504.5) | 7.63 | (4.70, 12.40) | 311.81 | (165.59, 458.03) | ||
| Women | None | All | 97,881 | (79,814, 115,948) | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||||||
| White | 28,093 | (19,388, 36,797) | 35.6 | 57.8 | ||||||||
| Black | 35,996 | (21,690, 50,302) | 45.6 | 14.6 | ||||||||
| Latinob | 11,448 | (1919, 20,978) | 14.5 | 18.6 | ||||||||
| Other persons of colorbc | 3392 | (0, 7227) | 4.3 | 6.9 | ||||||||
| Missingd | 18,953 | (10,811, 27,094) | 19.4 | |||||||||
| Missing at random | White (referent) | 34,839 | (24,871, 44,807) | 35.6 | 57.8 | 10.1 | (7.2, 13.0) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 44,640 | (29,313, 59,966) | 45.6 | 14.6 | 49.7 | (32.6, 66.7) | 4.90 | (3.13, 7.66) | 39.50 | (22.23, 56.82) | ||
| Latinob | 14,197 | (4176, 24,218) | 14.5 | 18.6 | 14.0 | (4.1, 23.9) | 1.38 | (0.65, 2.96) | 3.88 | (−6.43, 14.20) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 4207 | (16, 8398) | 4.3 | 6.9 | 10.5 | (0.0, 21.04) | 1.04 | (0.37, 2.93) | 0.40 | (−10.49, 11.29) | ||
| All missing are white | White (referent) | 47,046 | (35,127, 58,965) | 48.1 | 57.8 | 13.7 | (10.2, 17.2) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 35,996 | (21,690, 50,302) | 36.8 | 14.6 | 40.0 | (24.1, 56.0) | 2.92 | (1.82, 4.68) | 26.35 | (10.06, 42.64) | ||
| Latinob | 11,448 | (1919, 20,978) | 11.7 | 18.6 | 11.3 | (1.9, 20.7) | 0.83 | (0.34, 1.97) | −2.39 | (−12.42, 7.64) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 3392 | (0, 7227) | 3.5 | 6.9 | 8.5 | (0.0, 18.1) | 0.62 | (0.20, 1.98) | −5.20 | (−15.42, 5.02) | ||
| All missing are black | White (referent) | 28,093 | (35,127, 58,965) | 28.7 | 57.8 | 8.2 | (5.6, 10.7) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 54,949 | (38,488, 71,410) | 56.1 | 14.6 | 61.1 | (42.8, 79.4) | 7.47 | (4.86, 11.50) | 52.95 | (34.46, 71.44) | ||
| Latinob | 11,448 | (1919, 20,978) | 11.7 | 18.6 | 11.3 | (1.9, 20.7) | 1.38 | (0.57, 3.36) | 3.13 | (−6.62, 12.87) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 3392 | (0, 7227) | 3.5 | 6.9 | 8.5 | (0.0, 18.1) | 1.04 | (0.32, 3.36) | 0.32 | (−9.62, 10.26) | ||
| All missing are Latino | White (referent) | 28,093 | (35,127, 58,965) | 28.7 | 57.8 | 8.2 | (5.6, 10.7) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 35,996 | (21,690, 50,302) | 36.8 | 14.6 | 40.0 | (24.1, 56.0) | 4.90 | (2.96, 8.10) | 31.87 | (15.75, 47.98) | ||
| Latinob | 30,401 | (17,867, 42,935) | 31.1 | 18.6 | 30.0 | (17.6, 42.4) | 3.67 | (2.19, 6.14) | 21.85 | (9.21, 34.48) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 3392 | (0, 7227) | 3.5 | 6.9 | 8.5 | (0.0, 18.1) | 1.04 | (0.32, 3.36) | 0.32 | (−9.62, 10.26) | ||
| All missing are other persons of color | White (referent) | 28,093 | (35,127, 58,965) | 28.7 | 57.8 | 8.2 | (5.6, 10.7) | 1.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Black | 35,996 | (21,690, 50,302) | 36.8 | 14.6 | 40.0 | (24.1, 56.0) | 4.90 | (2.96, 8.10) | 31.87 | (15.75, 47.98) | ||
| Latinob | 11,448 | (1919, 20,978) | 11.7 | 18.6 | 11.3 | (1.9, 20.7) | 1.38 | (0.57, 3.36) | 3.13 | (−6.62, 12.87) | ||
| Other persons of colorbc | 22,345 | (13,345, 31,345) | 22.8 | 6.9 | 56.0 | (33.4, 78.5) | 6.84 | (4.11, 11.38) | 47.80 | (25.11, 70.49) | ||
aFor each missingness assumption, we reapportioned estimated ED visit counts and variances from the race/ethnicity “not stated” group to another racial/ethnic group
bThe coefficient of variation of the estimates for Latinos and other people of color exceeded 30 %. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance system considers these estimates to be potentially unstable
cOther persons of color includes non-Hispanic persons who identify as American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, Pacific Islander, and more than one race
dFor missing, percent is out of the total number of ED visits. For each racial/ethnic group, percent is out of those with known race/ethnicity