Table 3.

Human tissue retrieval studies after total joint arthroplasty failure

Study	Joint	Device	Bearing couple	Tissue type	Analysis	Outcomes
Latif et al. [26]*	THA	ABG II, Stryker Orthopaedics, Mahwah, NJ, USA	CFR-PEEK/alumina	Synovium	Histology	Implantation time: not specified Outcomes: visual inspection; histology (stain not specified) Results: tissue was gray/black but no synovial hypertrophy; histology showed connective tissue of varying density with dark material present within; phagocytozed particles evident within macrophages; rod-like particles and smaller granular particles present; no accumulation of lymphocytes or leucocytes around blood vessels
Pace et al. [35]*	THA	ABG II, Stryker Orthopaedics	CFR-PEEK/alumina	Granulomatous periprosthetic tissue	Histology	Implantation time: 26 months Outcomes: histology (stain not specified) Results: connective tissue of varying density evident with areas of highly vascularized granulation tissue; neutrophilic granulocyte, lymphocyte, and plasma cell infiltration evident; perivascular macrophages contained small highly reflective metal particles, larger black particles suggested to be carbon and colorless granular particles exhibiting intense birefringence thought to be of polymer origin

* Retrieved tissue from participants of the same clinical trial; CFR-PEEK = carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone.