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. 2016 Oct 6;7:409. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00409

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Copyright © 2016 Yu, Long, Li, Liang, Liao, Yuan and Cheng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IL-9 facilitated TGF-β autocrine effect from cardiomyocyte in vitro. (A) The levels of autocrine TGF-β, TNF-α, IFN-α, and IFN-β from myocardial cells. (B) The changes of signal molecule phosphorylated ERK1/2 and RhoA were showed in different groups. (C) The levels of CVB3 titer, CAR mRNA, and CAR protein of myocardial cells treated with IL-9 or IL-9 + TGF-β mAb. *P < 0.05 vs. control group; **P < 0.01 vs. control group; ^#P < 0.05 vs. CVB3 group; ^##P < 0.01 vs. CVB3 group; $P < 0.05 vs. IL-9 group. Values are means ± SEM. Each experiment was independently performed three times.