Table 2. Factors associated with increased IL-10 expression measured at first visit.
Serum levels of IL-10 derived from univariable linear regression analysis |
Serum levels of IL-10 derived from multivariable linear regression analysis |
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GM | (95% CI) | Ratio of GM | (95% CI) | p-value | GM* | (95% CI) | Ratio of GM* | (95% CI) | p-value | |
Gender | ||||||||||
Females | 11.8 | (8.06, 17.3) | 1.00 | |||||||
Males | 9.90 | (4.17, 23.5) | 0.84 | (0.33, 2.16) | 0.7 | |||||
Age groups | ||||||||||
<40 | 17.6 | (10.3, 29.8) | 1.00 | 14.3 | (8.45, 24.2) | 1.00 | ||||
40 to 59 | 8.12 | (4.76, 13.8) | 0.46 | (0.22, 0.98) | 0.04 | 9.15 | (5.42, 15.4) | 0.64 | (0.30, 1.36) | 0.2 |
≥60 | 9.03 | (3.77, 21.6) | 0.51 | (0.18, 1.43) | 0.2 | 11.5 | (4.75, 28.0) | 0.81 | (0.28, 2.32) | 0.7 |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||
non-Asians | 8.30 | (5.30, 13.0) | 1.00 | 8.80 | (5.62, 13.8) | 1.00 | ||||
Asians | 18.2 | (10.7, 31.1) | 2.20 | (1.09, 4.42) | 0.03 | 16.8 | (9.73, 28.8) | 1.90 | (0.92, 3.94) | 0.08 |
Prednisolone use reported at first visit | ||||||||||
no | 6.14 | (3.42, 11.0) | 1.00 | 8.21 | (4.48, 15.0) | 1.00 | ||||
yes | 15.8 | (10.4, 24.1) | 2.58 | (1.25, 5.30) | 0.01 | 13.6 | (8.93, 20.8) | 1.66 | (0.77, 3.57) | 0.19 |
Organ damage at first visit | ||||||||||
no | 10.5 | (6.53, 17.0) | 1.00 | |||||||
yes | 12.6 | (7.58, 21.0) | 1.20 | (0.59, 2.41) | 0.6 | |||||
Disease activity at first visit | ||||||||||
SLEDAI-2k ≤ 4 | 7.51 | (4.87, 11.6) | 1.00 | 8.44 | (5.42, 13.2) | 1.00 | ||||
SLEDAI-2k > 4 | 22.2 | (12.9, 38.2) | 2.96 | (1.48, 5.92) | 0.002 | 18.5 | (10.5, 32.6) | 2.19 | (1.04, 4.64) | 0.04 |
GM = Geometric Mean; 95 CI = 95% Confidence Interval. *Ratios adjusted for age, ethnicity, prednisolone use and disease activity.