Table 2. Factors associated with increased IL-10 expression measured at first visit.

	Serum levels of IL-10 derived from univariable linear regression analysis					Serum levels of IL-10 derived from multivariable linear regression analysis
	GM	(95% CI)	Ratio of GM	(95% CI)	p-value	GM*	(95% CI)	Ratio of GM*	(95% CI)	p-value
Gender
Females	11.8	(8.06, 17.3)	1.00
Males	9.90	(4.17, 23.5)	0.84	(0.33, 2.16)	0.7
Age groups
<40	17.6	(10.3, 29.8)	1.00			14.3	(8.45, 24.2)	1.00
40 to 59	8.12	(4.76, 13.8)	0.46	(0.22, 0.98)	0.04	9.15	(5.42, 15.4)	0.64	(0.30, 1.36)	0.2
≥60	9.03	(3.77, 21.6)	0.51	(0.18, 1.43)	0.2	11.5	(4.75, 28.0)	0.81	(0.28, 2.32)	0.7
Ethnicity
non-Asians	8.30	(5.30, 13.0)	1.00			8.80	(5.62, 13.8)	1.00
Asians	18.2	(10.7, 31.1)	2.20	(1.09, 4.42)	0.03	16.8	(9.73, 28.8)	1.90	(0.92, 3.94)	0.08
Prednisolone use reported at first visit
no	6.14	(3.42, 11.0)	1.00			8.21	(4.48, 15.0)	1.00
yes	15.8	(10.4, 24.1)	2.58	(1.25, 5.30)	0.01	13.6	(8.93, 20.8)	1.66	(0.77, 3.57)	0.19
Organ damage at first visit
no	10.5	(6.53, 17.0)	1.00
yes	12.6	(7.58, 21.0)	1.20	(0.59, 2.41)	0.6
Disease activity at first visit
SLEDAI-2k ≤ 4	7.51	(4.87, 11.6)	1.00			8.44	(5.42, 13.2)	1.00
SLEDAI-2k > 4	22.2	(12.9, 38.2)	2.96	(1.48, 5.92)	0.002	18.5	(10.5, 32.6)	2.19	(1.04, 4.64)	0.04

GM = Geometric Mean; 95 CI = 95% Confidence Interval. *Ratios adjusted for age, ethnicity, prednisolone use and disease activity.