Figure 2. Effects of Dhaka pumping on the flow system.

Hydraulic head (contours) and flowpaths (black arrows) within the study area simulated for homogeneous conditions at 150 m depth for (a) pre-development (before 1980) and (b) current pumping (2015) conditions. (c) Extent of 9 m water level depth (suction limit for handpump wells) at 150 m depth. The steady-state condition in c is based on current Dhaka pumping levels. (d,e) Cross-sectional views of hydraulic head at depths of 50 m (shallow) and 150 m (deep) and the vertical gradient, respectively. Cross-sections are shown along the W–E transect shown in b.