Table 3.
Multiple linear regression between dietary intake components at 6 years, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, and early feeding practices. Pelotas 2004 birth cohort study (N = 3,427)
| Variable | Fruits and Vegetables | p-value | Snack and treats | p-value | Coffee and Bread | p-value | Milk | p-value |
| β (CI 95 %) | β (CI 95 %) | β (CI 95 %) | β (CI 95 %) | |||||
| SEP quintilesa | 0.083 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1st (lower) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| 2nd | −0.07 (−0.17; 0.03) | −0.09 (−0.17; −0.01) | −0.17 (−0.27; −0.07) | 0.22 (0.12; 0.32) | ||||
| 3rd | −0.06 (−0.16; 0.04) | −0.14 (−0.21; −0.06) | −0.26 (−0.35; −0.17) | 0.40 (0.30; 0.50) | ||||
| 4th | −0.04 (−0.14; 0.07) | −0.13 (−0.22; −0.05) | −0.43 (−0.52; −0.33) | 0.45 (0.35; 0.56) | ||||
| 5th (upper) | −0.11 (−0.20; −0.01) | −0.26 (−0.33; −0.19) | −0.51 (−0.60; −0.42) | 0.46 (0.36; 0.57) | ||||
| Maternal age at birthb | 0.211 | 0.404 | 0.209 | 0.406 | ||||
| 18-35 years | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| < 18 years | −0.13 (−0.23; −0.02) | 0.14 (0.04; 0.24) | −0.07 (−0.18; 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.14; 0.08) | ||||
| > 35 years | 0.12 (0.02; 0.21) | −0.01 (−0.10; 0.07) | −0.03 (−0.11; 0.05) | −0.03 (−0.13; 0.06) | ||||
| Sexb | 0.037 | 0.383 | 0.113 | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Female | 0.07 (0.01; 0.13) | 0.02 (−0.03; 0.07) | −0.05 (−0.11; 0.01) | −0.13 (−0.20; −0.07) | ||||
| Skin colorb | 0.627 | 0.080 | 0.017 | 0.041 | ||||
| White | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Brown | 0.00 (−0.09; 0.09) | 0.06 (−0.01; 0.14) | 0.08 (−0.01; 0.17) | 0.06 (−0.15; 0.04) | ||||
| Black | 0.10 (−0.01; 0.20) | 0.04 (−0.04; 0.12) | 0.16 (0.07; 0.26) | −0.19 (−0.29; −0.09) | ||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding durationc | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.034 | 0.419 | ||||
| ≤ 7 days | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| 8 days - <1 month | −0.04 (−0.14; 0.07) | −0.07 (−0.15; 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.10; 0.12) | 0.05 (−0.07; 0.17) | ||||
| 1 month - <3 months | 0.02 (−0.06; 0.10) | −0.04 (−0.11; 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.07; 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.09; 0.09) | ||||
| ≥ 3 months | 0.13 (0.04; 0.21) | −0.11 (−0.18; −0.04) | −0.10 (−0.18; −0.02) | 0.05 (−0.04; 0.14) | ||||
| Age of introduction of complementary foodsc | 0.001 | 0.031 | 0.022 | 0.372 | ||||
| ≥ 4 months | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| 1–3.9 months | −0.11 (−0.21; −0.02) | 0.04 (−0.02; 0.11) | 0.11 (0.03; 0.19) | −0.04 (−0.13; 0.05) | ||||
| < 1 month | −0.17 (−0.27; −0.07) | 0.08 (0.01; 0.15) | 0.12 (0.04; 0.21) | −0.05 (−0.15; 0.05) | ||||
| Variable | Cheese and processed meats | p-value | Rice and beans | p-value | Carbohydrates | p-value | ||
| β (CI 95 %) | β (CI 95 %) | β (CI 95 %) | ||||||
| SEP quintilesa | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.099 | |||||
| 1st (lower) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| 2nd | 0.17 (0.08; 0.26) | −0.19 (−0.29; −0.10) | −0.04 (−0.15; 0.07) | |||||
| 3rd | 0.22 (0.13; 0.32) | −0.26 (−0.36; −0.16) | 0.01 (−0.10; 0.12) | |||||
| 4th | 0.34 (0.23; 0.45) | −0.40 (−0.51; −0.30) | −0.01 (−0.10; 0.10) | |||||
| 5th (upper) | 0.45 (0.36; 0.54) | −0.63 (−0.73; −0.54) | 0.08 (−0.02; 0.18) | |||||
| Maternal age at birthb | 0.031 | 0.020 | 0.331 | |||||
| 18-35 years | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| < 18 years | −0.02 (−0.13; 0.10) | −0.01 (−0.12; 0.09) | −0.03 (−0.13; 0.07) | |||||
| > 35 years | −0.10 (−0.19; −0.02) | −0.13 (−0.23; −0.03) | −0.05 (−0.17; 0.07) | |||||
| Sexb | 0.942 | 0.001 | 0.058 | |||||
| Male | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| Female | 0.00 (−0.07; 0.06) | −0.10 (−0.16; −0.04) | −0.06 (−0.13; 0.00) | |||||
| Skin colorb | 0.396 | 0.002 | 0.689 | |||||
| White | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| Brown | −0.03 (−0.12; 0.05) | 0.14 (0.04; 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.07; 0.15) | |||||
| Black | −0.03 (−0.12; 0.07) | 0.12 (0.02; 0.22) | −0.06 (−0.17; 0.04) | |||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding durationc | 0.061 | 0.548 | 0.851 | |||||
| ≤ 7 days | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| 8 days - <1 month | 0.09 (−0.02; 0.21) | 0.00 (−0.11; 0.11) | −0.09 (−0.19; 0.01) | |||||
| 1 month - <3 months | 0.03 (−0.05; 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.06; 0.11) | 0.00 (−0.09; 0.09) | |||||
| ≥ 3 months | 0.10 (0.01; 0.18) | −0.04 (−0.12; 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.10; 0.08) | |||||
| Age of introduction of complementary foodsc | 0.092 | 0.506 | 0.578 | |||||
| ≥ 4 months | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| 1–4 months | −0.02 (−0.11; 0.07) | 0.07 (−0.01; 0.16) | 0.01 (−0.08; 0.10) | |||||
| < 1 month | −0.07 (−0.16; 0.02) | 0.05 (−0.04; 0.14) | −0.02 (−0.11; 0.07) | |||||
aStep 1: adjusted for sex and daily energy intake (kilocalories per day); bStep 2: adjusted for SEP, sex (except when sex was the independent variable) and daily energy intake (kilocalories per day); cStep 3: adjusted for SEP, mother’s age at birth, child’s sex and skin colour, and daily energy intake (kilocalories per day)
P-values from trend tests are displayed
SEP Socioeconomic position