Table 3.
Demographic findings of risk factors and outcomes
| Variables | Total | Hanging | Poisoning | Fall | Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 5,743 (100.0) | 3,368 (100.0) | 1,004 (100.0) | 1,011 (100.0) | 360 (100.0) | |
| Year | 2008 | 1,547 (26.9) | 884 (26.2) | 313 (31.2) | 259 (25.6) | 91 (25.3) |
| 2009 | 2,054 (35.8) | 1,204 (35.7) | 344 (34.3) | 372 (36.8) | 134 (37.2) | |
| 2010 | 2,142 (37.3) | 1,280 (38.0) | 347 (34.6) | 380 (37.6) | 135 (37.5) | |
| Sex | Male | 3,194 (55.6) | 1,806 (53.6) | 646 (64.3) | 496 (49.1) | 246 (68.3) |
| Female | 2,549 (44.4) | 1,562 (46.4) | 358 (35.7) | 515 (50.9) | 114 (31.7) | |
| Age (yr) | Median (IQR) | 49 (36–65) | 47 (35–61) | 64 (48–74) | 41 (27–58) | 47 (35–61.5) |
| Pediatric (≤15) | 72 (1.3) | 26 (0.8) | 2 (0.2) | 41 (4.1) | 3 (0.8) | |
| Adult (16–64) | 4,240 (73.8) | 2,656 (78.9) | 511 (50.9) | 789 (78.0) | 284 (78.9) | |
| Elderly (≥65) | 1,431 (24.9) | 686 (20.4) | 491 (48.9) | 181 (17.9) | 73 (20.3) | |
| Primary ECG | VF/pulseless VT | 43 (0.7) | 25 (0.7) | 10 (1.0) | 2 (0.2) | 6 (1.7) |
| PEA | 148 (2.6) | 58 (1.7) | 23 (2.3) | 54 (5.3) | 13 (3.6) | |
| Asystole | 4,689 (81.6) | 2,783 (82.6) | 798 (79.5) | 821 (81.2) | 287 (79.7) | |
| Community urbanization | Metropolitan | 2,344 (40.8) | 1,423 (42.3) | 266 (26.5) | 453 (44.8) | 202 (56.1) |
| Non-metropolitan | 3,399 (59.2) | 1,945 (57.7) | 738 (73.5) | 558 (55.2) | 158 (43.9) | |
| Place | Public | 394 (6.9) | 176 (5.2) | 70 (7.0) | 69 (6.8) | 79 (21.9) |
| Private | 4,704 (81.9) | 2942 (87.4) | 777 (77.4) | 884 (87.4) | 101 (28.1) | |
| Unknown | 645 (11.2) | 250 (7.4) | 157 (15.6) | 58 (5.7) | 180 (50.0) | |
| Arrest witnessed | Witnessed | 575 (10.0) | 43 (1.3) | 127 (12.6) | 283 (28.0) | 122 (33.9) |
| Unwitnessed | 4,593 (80.0) | 3,179 (94.4) | 775 (77.2) | 481 (47.6) | 158 (43.9) | |
| Unknown | 575 (10.0) | 146 (4.3) | 102 (10.2) | 247 (24.4) | 80 (22.2) | |
| Bystander CPR | CPR | 150 (2.6) | 129 (3.8) | 8 (0.8) | 8 (0.8) | 5 (1.4) |
| No CPR | 5,593 (97.4) | 3,239 (96.2) | 996 (99.2) | 1,003 (99.2) | 355 (98.6) | |
| Interval from call to EMS arrival (min) | 5,657 | 3,322 | 994 | 985 | 356 | |
| Median (IQR) | 6 (5–9) | 6 (5–9) | 8 (5–12) | 6 (4–7) | 7 (5–11) | |
| 0–4 | 1,166 (20.6) | 671 (20.2) | 140 (14.1) | 286 (29.0) | 69 (19.4) | |
| 5–8 | 1,102 (19.5) | 1,772 (53.3) | 409 (41.1) | 536 (54.4) | 155 (43.5) | |
| 9–12 | 765 (13.5) | 552 (16.6) | 210 (21.1) | 125 (12.7) | 63 (17.7) | |
| 13–16 | 678 (12.0) | 186 (5.6) | 104 (10.5) | 18 (1.8) | 32 (9.0) | |
| > 16 | 1,946 (34.4) | 187 (5.6) | 131 (13.2) | 20 (2.0) | 37 (10.4) | |
| Interval from call to hospital arrival (min) | 5,654 | 3,320 | 994 | 983 | 357 | |
| Median (IQR) | 21 (16–29) | 21 (16–28) | 25 (19–37) | 18 (14–23) | 25 (19–39) | |
| 0–8 | 85 (1.5) | 51 (1.5) | 6 (0.6) | 24 (2.4) | 4 (1.1) | |
| 9–16 | 1,404 (24.8) | 787 (23.7) | 177 (17.8) | 378 (38.5) | 62 (17.4) | |
| 17–24 | 2,098 (37.1) | 1,323 (39.8) | 297 (29.9) | 370 (37.6) | 109 (30.5) | |
| 25–32 | 1,035 (18.3) | 640 (19.3) | 197 (19.8) | 127 (12.9) | 71 (19.9) | |
| > 32 | 1,032 (18.3) | 519 (15.6) | 317 (31.9) | 84 (8.5) | 111 (31.1) | |
| Defibrillation by EMS | EMS defibrillation | 60 (1.0) | 33 (1.0) | 4 (0.4) | 13 (1.3) | 10 (2.8) |
| No defibrillation | 5,683 (99.0) | 3,335 (99.0) | 1,000 (99.6) | 998 (98.7) | 350 (97.2) | |
| Level of destination hospital | Level 1 ED | 591 (10.3) | 300 (8.9) | 87 (8.7) | 147 (14.5) | 57 (15.8) |
| Level 2 ED | 2,498 (43.5) | 1,455 (43.2) | 353 (35.2) | 514 (50.8) | 176 (48.9) | |
| Level 3 ED | 2,214 (38.6) | 1,354 (40.2) | 456 (45.4) | 298 (29.5) | 106 (29.4) | |
| Non-ED facilities | 440 (7.7) | 259 (7.7) | 108 (10.8) | 52 (5.1) | 21 (5.8) | |
| Outcome | Survival to admission | 631 (11.0) | 472 (14.0) | 104 (10.4) | 12 (1.2) | 43 (11.9) |
| Survival to discharge | 119 (2.1) | 79 (2.3) | 24 (2.4) | 5 (0.5) | 11 (3.1) | |
| Good CPC 1 and 2 | 28 (0.5) | 14 (0.4) | 10 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.1) | |
Values are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
IQR, interquartile range; ECG, electrocardiography; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS, emergency medical service; ED, emergency department; CPC, Cerebral Performance Category scale.