Fig. 9.

Schematic cartoon illustrating the overall astrocytic response after SCI. Astrogliosis after SCI depends on both time post-injury and lesion severity. At 1 week after HS astrocytes undergo moderate activation and do not promote an immune response by 2 weeks after HS SCI. On the other hand, at 1 week following FT astrocytes undergo marked activation and actively promote immune response/inflammation followed by reduced extracellular membrane breakdown at 2 weeks after FT. Concurrently, a sub-population of local astrocytes transdifferentiates into neuronal progenitor and subsequently GABAergic interneurons via fgfr4 over-expression