Table 1.
Demographic and clinical variables and outcome of patients classified by serum chloride status
| Variable | Hyperchloremia N = 98 |
No hyperchloremia N = 142 |
p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, yr, mean ± SD | 57.5 ± 15.1 | 52.9 ± 18.4 | 0.05 |
| Male, % | 46.9 | 55.6 | 0.38 |
| Underlying diseases | |||
| Hypertension, % | 36.7 | 28.2 | 0.074 |
| Ischemic heart disease, % | 6.1 | 5.6 | 0.65 |
| CHF, % | 4.1 | 8.5 | 0.10 |
| DM, % | 21.4 | 21.1 | 0.71 |
| COPD, % | 21.4 | 18.3 | 0.086 |
| Cirrhosis, % | 7.1 | 4.9 | 0.082 |
| Malignancy, % | 4.1 | 5.6 | 0.20 |
| HIV, % | 11.2 | 9.2 | 0.56 |
| Chronic steroid treatment, % | 5.1 | 6.3 | 0.91 |
| Clinical parameters at presentation | |||
| MAP, mean ± SD | 85 ± 21 | 89 ± 17 | 0.12 |
| HR, mean ± SD | 104 ± 22 | 96 ± 21 | 0.003a |
| Lactate, mean ± SD | 2.9 ± 2.8 | 2.5 ± 2.4 | 0.29 |
| Creatinine(mg/dL), median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.7-1.4) | 0.9 (0.4-1.4) | 0.49 |
| APACHE II score, mean ± SD | 11.3 ± 5.0 | 7.8 ± 5.4 | <0.001a |
| Clinical parameters at 24 hr | |||
| Vasopressor, % | 31 | 11 | <0.001a |
| Mechanical ventilator, % | 64 | 32 | <0.001a |
| Fluid intake, mean ± SD | 4959 ± 3,417 | 4691 ± 2,341 | 0.71 |
| Urine output, mean ± SD | 2416 ± 1,146 | 2554 ± 1,463 | 0.644 |
| Chloride parameters | |||
| Initial chloride ([Cl-]0), mean ± SD | 104.3 ± 7.7 | 103.7 ± 4.6 | 0.51 |
| Maximal Cl in 48 hours ([Cl-]max) | 104.4 ± 3.7 | 114.4 ± 3.6 | <0.001a |
| Increase in serum Cl (Δ[Cl-]) | 3.2 ± 4.2 | 6.1 ± 5.0 | <0.001a |
| Clinical outcome | |||
| AKI, % | 85.7 | 47.9 | <0.001a |
| RRT, % | 7.1 | 3.5 | 0.206 |
| 28-day mortality, % | 6.1 | 1.4 | 0.066 |
SD standard deviation, CHF congestive heart failure, DM diabetes mellitus, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, MAP mean arterial pressure, HR heart rate, IQR interquartile rate, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, [Cl - ] 0 initial chloride concentration, [Cl - ] max maximal chloride concentration in the first 48 hours, Δ[Cl - ] increase in serum chloride; AKI acute kidney injury, RRT renal replacement therapy
aIndicates statistical significance, p < 0.05