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. 2016 Oct 6;1(16):e86612. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.86612

Figure 4. Maternal obesity combined with a Western-style diet (WSD) increases oxidative damage and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in fetal muscle.

Figure 4

(A) Lipid peroxidation was measured indirectly by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay in fetal gastrocnemius from male (M) and female (F) offspring of lean/overweight dams that had only received control diet (Ln/CTR; n = 11 M, 8 F), Ln/WSD (n = 9 M, 8 F), and obese dams chronically fed a WSD (Ob/WSD; n = 10 M, 12 F). (B) 4-hydroxynonenal–modified (4HNE-modified) proteins were measured by immunoblot (n = 8/group). Gene expression of (C) GADD45, (D) SIRT3, (E) UCP2, and (F) UCP3 was measured by qPCR and expressed relative to ribosomal protein S15 (RPS15) from Ln/CTR (n = 5–6 M, 7–9 F), Ln/WSD (n = 3–5 M, 3–4 F) and Ob/WSD (19–11 M, 7–9 F). All data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA (maternal group × fetal sex) with Tukey post-hoc tests. P values for significant main effects are listed in each graph. Letters are used to indicate significant post-hoc differences (P < 0.05) between maternal groups. Bars with the same letter are not significantly different from each other. Asterisk (*) indicates significant difference between male and female offspring. Individual data points and the group mean + SEM are shown.