Table 4.

Relationship between vitamin D status and cognition, symptoms and quality of life

Questionnaire	Max score	n	All Subjects	Vitamin D replete	Vitamin D insufficient	Vitamin D deficient	Uncorrected		Corrected for: age, gender, moderate‐severe TBI, time since TBI		Corrected for: age, gender, PTA>1 week, time since TBI
							H statistic	P	F statistic	P *	n	F statistic	P *
ACE‐R	100	175	91 [82,95] (53–100)	91 [85,95] (69–100)	93 [87,96] (53–100)	88 [79,93] ## (60–100)	9·22	0·010	3·03 F(2,168)	0·005	170	6·04 F(2,163)	0·003
BDI‐II	63	285	12 [6,21] (0–60)	13 [4,24] (0–37)	11 [5,19] (0–38)	12 [6,24] (0–60)	3·05	0·22	4·15 F(2,278)	0·017	271	4·82 F(2,264)	0·009
Epworth	24	260	7 [2,11] (0–22)	6 [2,10] (0–17)	8 [3,12] 10–22)	7 [3,11] (0–20)	2·42	0·30	1·46 F(2,253)	0·23	247	0·97 F(2,240)	0·38
PSQI	21	134	7 [5,11] (0–19)	7 [6,11] (1–18)	6 [4,10] (1–19)	7 [4,12] (0–19)	1·27	0·53	0·59 F(2,127)	0·55	125	0·80 F(2,118)	0·45
SF‐36 (QoL) †
Physical Functioning	100	177	70 [48,91] (0–100)	63 [21,90] (5–100)	75 [55,95] (20–100)	70 [46,92] (0–100)	3·93	0·14	2·59 F(2,170)	0·078	166	3·16 F(2,159)	0·045
Role‐Physical	100	168	0 [0,75] (0–100)	0 [0,75] (0–100)	0 [0,94] (0–100)	0 [0,75] (0–100)	0·37	0·83	0·18 F(2,161)	0·83	159	0·26 F(2,152)	0·77
Role‐Emotional	100	167	33 [0,100] (0–100)	0 [0,67] (0–100)	33 [0,100] (0–100)	67 [0,100] (0–100)	5·05	0·080	1·69 F(2,160)	0·19	158	1·74 F(2,151)	0·18
Energy Fatigue	100	175	45 [25,60] (0–95)	43 [25,60] (5–90)	43 [25,56] (0–95)	45 [28,60] (0–95)	0·20	0·91	0·02 F(2,168)	0·98	165	0·00 F(2,158)	0·99
Emotional Wellbeing	100	176	60 [48,80] (0–100)	56 [41,71] (12–92)	62 [48,80] (0–96)	64 [48,80] (0–100)	2·52	0·28	0·64 F(2,169)	0·53	166	0·33 F(2,159)	0·72
Social Functioning	100	178	50 [25,75] (0–100)	50 [25,75] (13–100)	50 [25,75] (0–100)	50 [25,75] (0–100)	0·58	0·75	0·25 F(2,171)	0·78	168	0·27 F(2,161)	0·76
Pain	100	178	58 [33,80] (0–100)	45 [33,90] (0–100)	58 [39,90] (0–100)	59 [34,78] (0–100)	0·43	0·81	0·26 F(2,171)	0·78	168	0·34 F(2,161)	0·72
General Health	100	179	55 [40,75] (0–100)	60 [33,75] (0–100)	53 [40,71] (5–100)	55 [35,75] (0–100)	0·30	0·86	0·16 F(2,172)	0·86	168	0·30 F(2,151)	0·74
Health Change	100	176	25 [25,50] (0–100)	25 [0,50] (0–100)	25 [25,50] (0–100)	25 [25,50] (0–100)	4·39	0·11	2·38 F(2,169)	0·095	165	2·27 F(2,158)	0·11
NHP (QoL) ‡
Energy Levels	100	172	39 [0,100] (0–100)	62 [6,100] (0–100)	37 [0,63] (0–100)	37 [0,100] (0–100)	1·95	0·38	0·77 F(2,165)	0·47	161	1·44 F(2,154)	0·24
Pain	100	166	9 [0,33] (0–100)	13 [0,38] (0–100)	0 [0,18] (0–100)	8 [0,36] (0–100)	1·37	0·51	0·94 F(2,159)	0·40	156	1·87 F(2,149)	0·16
Emotional Reaction	100	161	20 [0,53] (0–100)	30 [10,63] (0–90)	17 [0,40] (0–93)	23 [0,62] (0–100)	3·01	0·22	1·68 F(2,154)	0·19	151	2·25 F(2,144)	0·11
Sleep	100	164	28 [0,57] (0–100)	34 [10,52] (0–100)	15 [0,50] (0–100)	79 [0,61] (0–100)	1·22	0·54	0·59 F(2,157)	0·55	154	0·55 F(2,147)	0·58
Social Isolation	100	164	0 [0,54] (0–100)	23 [0,62] (0–100)	0 [0,37] (0–100)	0 [0,64] (0–100)	4·57	0·10	2·06 F(2,157)	0·13	154	2.29 F(2,147)	0·11
Physical Activity	100	163	9 [0,31] (0–100)	11 [0,34] (0–79)	0 [0,21] (0–67)	0 [0,33] (0–100)	1·55	0·46	1·24 F(2,156)	0·29	153	1·68 F(2,146)	0·19
Average	100	152	22 [7,43] (0–98)	26 [17,50] (0–81)	19 [6,34] (0–72)	23 [7,48] (0–98)	3·10	0·21	1·93 F(2,145)	0·15	142	2·72 F(2,135)	0·069
NHP‐II	7	176	3 [1,6] (0–7)	4 [2,6] (0–7)	3 [1,5] (0–7)	3 [1,6] (0–7)	2·63	0·27	1·54 F(2,169)	0·22	166	2·09 F(2,159)	0·13

Values stated as median [interquartile range] (min‐max)

Statistical results from Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way anova test, except for *one way ancova when controlling for covariates

^## P < 0·01 vs vitamin D insufficient. P values in bold text indicate statistically significant results for ANOVA.

Abbreviations: ACE‐R, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised; BDI‐II, Beck Depression Inventory II; NHP, Nottingham Health Profile; PSQI, Pittsburgh

Sleep Quality Index; QoL, quality of life; SF‐36, Short Form 36 Health Survey.

^†SF‐36: higher score = better performance.

^‡NHP: lower score = better performance.