Table 1. (i) Demographic and (ii) clinical characteristics of HIV-infected study participants, and the proportion of each group currently experiencing pain (n=859 unless otherwise stated).
| (i) Demographic characteristics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (% of total sample) | Number with current pain (%) | p-value1 | ||
| n | 859 (100.0) | 341 (39.7) | ||
| Sex | Male | 775 (90.2) | 303 (39.1) | |
| Female | 84 (9.8) | 38 (45.2) | 0.33 | |
| Age (years) | Median (range) | 42 (19 - 77) | ||
| 19-34 | 171 (19.9) | 49 (28.7) | ||
| 35-39 | 164 (19.1) | 56 (34.2) | ||
| 40-44 | 186 (21.7) | 80 (43.0) | ||
| 45-49 | 143 (16.7) | 65 (45.5) | ||
| ≥50 | 195 (22.7) | 91 (46.7) | 0.002 | |
| Ethnicity | White | 631 (75.8) | 261 (41.4) | |
| (n=833) | Black African | 84 (10.1) | 27 (32.1) | |
| Other | 118 (14.2) | 43 (36.4) | 0.35 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Underweight (<18.5) | 40 (4.9) | 17 (42.5) | |
| (n=810) | Normal (≥18.5, <25) | 497 (61.4) | 197 (39.6) | |
| Overweight (≥25, <30) | 204 (25.2) | 81 (39.7) | ||
| Obese/morbidly obese (≥30) | 69 (8.5) | 26 (37.7) | 0.99 | |
| Smoking status | Current | 348 (40.9) | 138 (39.7) | |
| (n=850) | Ex-smoker | 266 (31.3) | 112 (42.1) | |
| Never smoked | 236 (27.8) | 88 (37.3) | 0.71 | |
| Consume alcohol | No | 198 (23.0) | 88 (44.4) | |
| Yes | 661 (77.0) | 253 (38.3) | 0.14 | |
| Hepatitis B +ve | No | 843 (98.1) | 334 (39.6) | |
| Yes | 16 (1.9) | 7 (43.8) | 0.94 | |
| Hepatitis C +ve | No | 848 (98.7) | 336 (39.6) | |
| Yes | 11 (1.3) | 5 (45.5) | 0.93 | |
| Working status | Working | 486 (57.0) | 145 (29.8) | |
| (n=852) | Not working | 366 (43.0) | 195 (53.5) | 0.0001 |
| SF-36 Mentality |
Median (IQR) | 14 (5, 30) | ||
| 5-11 | 264 (34.1) | 68 (25.8) | ||
| 12-16 | 254 (32.8) | 97 (38.2) | ||
| 17-30 | 256 (33.1) | 144 (56.3) | 0.0001 | |
| Physical functioning | Median (IQR) | 14 (4, 24) | ||
| 4-11 | 266 (34.6) | 59 (22.2) | ||
| 12-16 | 281 (36.5) | 121 (43.1) | ||
| 17-24 | 222 (28.9) | 126 (56.8) | 0.0001 | |
| (ii) Clinical characteristics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (% of total sample) | Number with current pain (%) | p-value1 | ||
| n | 859 | 341 (39.7) | ||
| Mode of infection | MSM2 | 217 (25.3) | 84 (38.7) | |
| Other | 60 (7.0) | 21 (35.0) | ||
| Not known | 582 (67.8) | 236 (40.6) | 0.66 | |
| Latest CD4 (cells/mm3) | Median (range) | 475 (12, 1407) | ||
| (n=837) | <200 | 59 (7.1) | 24 (40.7) | |
| 200-349 | 164 (19.6) | 66 (40.2) | ||
| ≥350 | 614 (73.4) | 242 (39.4) | 0.99 | |
| Latest viral load (copies/ml) | Median (range) | 40 (40, 834687) | ||
| (n=842) | ≤40 | 569 (67.6) | 242(42.5) | |
| >40 | 273 (32.4) | 93 (34.1) | 0.02 | |
| Time since HIV diagnosis (years) | ≤1 | 88 (10.5) | 24 (27.3) | |
| (n=839) | >1, ≤3 | 132 (15.7) | 38 (28.8) | |
| >3, ≤5 | 133 (15.9) | 51 (38.4) | ||
| >5, ≤10 | 216 (25.7) | 98 (45.4) | ||
| >10, ≤20 | 220 (26.2) | 99 (45.0) | ||
| >20 | 50 (6.0) | 26 (52.0) | 0.0009 | |
| CDC status | A – asymptomatic | 489 (58.3) | 171 (35.0) | |
| (n=839) | B – symptomatic | 190 (22.7) | 89 (46.8) | |
| C – AIDS | 160 (19.1) | 71 (44.4) | 0.01 | |
| cART naive | Never had cART | 154 (17.9) | 46 (29.9) | |
| Have had cART | 705 (82.1) | 295 (41.8) | 0.008 | |
| Current ART status | Not on cART | 202 (23.5) | 66 (32.7) | |
| On cART | 657 (76.5) | 275 (41.9) | 0.02 | |
| PI based – No | 580 (67.5) | 209 (36.0) | ||
| PI-based - Yes | 279 (32.5) | 132 (47.3) | 0.002 | |
| NNRTI based - No | 503 (58.6) | 201 (40.0) | ||
| NNRTI based –Yes | 356 (41.4) | 140 (39.3) | 0.91 | |
| NRTI-based – No | 259 (30.1) | 90 (34.8) | ||
| NRTI-based - Yes | 600 (69.9) | 251 (41.8) | 0.06 | |
1
p-value obtained from a univariate comparison of the proportions currently experiencing pain in each group (Chi-squared test).
2
MSM: men having sex with men; CDC: Centers for Disease Control; cART: combination antiretroviral therapy; ART: antiretroviral therapy; PI: protease inhibitor; NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor