Table 1. Participant characteristics by Diabetes and Diabetes Risk Status; CKD-AFRiKA study population, 2015;N = 481.
| Variable | Participants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall(n = 481) | No Glucose Impairment(n = 352) | Glucose Impairment(n = 129) | p-value± | ||
| Increased risk for diabetes(n = 84) | Diabetes(n = 45) | ||||
| Gender | 0.81 | ||||
| Male | 123 (25.6%) | 89 (25.3%) | 19 (22.6%) | 15 (33.3%) | |
| Female | 358 (74.4%) | 263 (74.7%) | 65 (77.4%) | 30 (66.7%) | |
| Age | <0.01 | ||||
| 18–39 years old | 172 (35.8%) | 143 (40.6%) | 24 (28.6%) | 5 (11.1%) | |
| 40–59 years old | 191 (39.7%) | 135 (38.4%) | 37 (44.1%) | 19 (42.2%) | |
| 60+ years old | 118 (24.5%) | 74 (21.0%) | 23 (27.4%) | 21 (46.7%) | |
| Setting (District) | 0.50 | ||||
| Rural | 111 (23.1%) | 84 (23.9%) | 21 (25.0%) | 6 (13.3%) | |
| Urban | 370 (76.9%) | 268 (76.1%) | 63 (75.0%) | 39 (86.7%) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.36 | ||||
| Chagga | 288 (59.9%) | 217 (61.7%) | 45 (53.6%) | 26 (57.8%) | |
| Pare | 66 (13.7%) | 43 (12.2%) | 19 (22.6%) | 4 (8.9%) | |
| Sambaa | 27 (5.6%) | 22 (6.3%) | 3 (3.6%) | 2 (4.4%) | |
| Other* | 100 (20.8%) | 70 (19.9%) | 17 (20.2%) | 13 (28.9%) | |
| Education | 0.75 | ||||
| None | 31 (6.4%) | 21 (6.0%) | 4 (4.8%) | 6 (13.3%) | |
| Primary | 349 (72.6%) | 260 (73.9%) | 63 (75.0%) | 26 (57.8%) | |
| Secondary | 74 (15.4%) | 52 (14.8%) | 12 (14.3%) | 10 (22.2%) | |
| Post-Secondary | 27 (5.6%) | 19 (5.3%) | 5 (6.0%) | 3 (6.7%) | |
| Occupation | <0.01 | ||||
| Unemployed | 74 (15.4%) | 52 (14.8%) | 15 (17.9%) | 7 (15.6%) | |
| Farmer/Wage Earner | 199 (41.4%) | 157 (44.6%) | 32 (38.1%) | 10 (22.2%) | |
| Small Business/Vendors | 158 (32.8%) | 121 (34.4%) | 25 (29.8%) | 12 (26.7%) | |
| Professional† | 50 (10.4%) | 22 (6.3%) | 12 (14.3%) | 16 (35.7%) | |
| Ongoing Alcohol Use | 198 (41.2%) | 157 (44.6%) | 33 (39.3%) | 8 (17.8%) | 0.01 |
| Ongoing Tobacco Use | 50 (10.4%) | 42 (11.9%) | 7 (8.3%) | 1 (2.2%) | 0.07 |
| Co-Morbid Health Conditions | |||||
| Hypertension | 149 (31.0%) | 96 (27.3%) | 29 (34.5%) | 24 (53.3%) | <0.01 |
| BMI (median) | 26.2 | 25.1 | 29.1 | 27.8 | <0.01 |
| Underweight | 59 (12.3%) | 51 (45.5%) | 4 (4.7%) | 4 (8.9%) | |
| Normal weight | 143 (29.7%) | 122 (34.6%) | 13 (15.5%) | 8 (17.8%) | |
| Overweight/Obese | 279 (58.0%) | 179 (50.9%) | 67 (79.8%) | 33 (73.3%) | |
| HbA1C (median) | 5.7 | 5.5 | 6.3 | 9.8 | <0.01 |
±p-value comparing differences by presence or absence of glucose impairment
*Other ethnicities includes Maasai, Luguru, Kilindi, Kurya, Mziguwa, Mnyisanzu, Rangi, Jita, Nyambo, and Kaguru.
† Professional included any salaried position (e.g. nurse, teacher, government employee, etc.) and retired persons.