Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 479 children with nephrotic syndrome from 1993 to 2014
| Patient Characteristics | Mean±SD, Median [Interquartile Range], or n (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| European, n=173 | South Asian, n=237 | East/Southeast Asian, n=69 | |
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Male | 106 (61.3) | 153 (64.6) | 43 (62.3) |
| Age of diagnosis, yr | 3.70 [2.40–6.81] | 3.42 [2.49–5.38] | 4.20 [2.75–10.82]a |
| Annual household incomeb (Canadian dollars) | 45,987±35,016 | 29,859±8596c | 31,612±13,220c |
| Percentage of immigrants in neighborhoodb | 20.9 [10.0–38.1] | 56.6 [48.1–65.4]c | 56.3 [45.2–71.4]c |
| Laboratory factorsd | |||
| Serum albumin, g/dl | 2.02±0.53 | 1.76±0.48c | 1.97±0.55 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 0.39 [0.32–0.56] | 0.36 [0.30–0.44]a | 0.53 [0.37–0.71]a |
| Serum cholesterol, mg/dl | 383±114 | 449±125c | 422±100 |
| Clinical outcomese | |||
| Complete remissionf | 26 (15.0) | 52 (21.9) | 19 (27.5) |
| Initial steroid resistance | 13 (7.5) | 6 (2.5)a | 5 (7.2) |
| Steroid dependent at 6 mog | 17 (10.6) | 20 (8.7) | 3 (4.7) |
| Total relapses over entire follow-up,g n | 5 [2–13] | 4 [1–8]a | 2 [0–6]c |
| Time followed, yr | 4.68 [2.66–8.67] | 3.63 [1.84–5.97]c | 3.53 [1.76–5.95]h |
| Relapses per yearg | 1.12 [0.42–1.72] | 1.15 [0.24–1.81] | 0.67 [0–1.53]a |
| Biopsy diagnosis | 59 (34.1) | 50 (21.1)h | 24 (34.8) |
| Minimal change disease | 32 (54.2) | 35 (70.0) | 16 (66.7) |
| FSGS | 23 (39.0) | 14 (28.0) | 5 (20.8) |
| Other | 4 (6.8) | 1 (2.0) | 3 (12.5) |
| Use of second-line medication | 95 (54.9) | 109 (46.0) | 31 (44.9) |
| Cyclophosphamide | 86 (90.5) | 99 (90.8) | 23 (74.2)a |
| Calcineurin inhibitorsi | 9 (9.5) | 7 (6.4) | 8 (25.8)a |
| Complete remission after cyclophosphamide | 29 (33.7) | 33 (33.3) | 9 (39.1) |
Statistical tests were conducted with Europeans as the reference group.
P value ≤0.05 using chi-squared or t test.
Determined using data from Statistics Canada (2006) on the basis of Dissemination Area (19).
P value ≤0.001 using chi-squared or t test.
At onset of nephrotic syndrome, albumin (n=236), creatinine (n=227), and cholesterol (n=205).
Five individuals who never went into remission were excluded from the analyses (n=474) for initial steroid resistance, steroid–dependent nephrotic syndrome, total relapses, and relapse rate.
Complete remission defined as no additional episodes of proteinuria requiring medical intervention after the initial course of therapy.
Twenty-four individuals with initial steroid resistance were excluded from the analysis (n=455).
P value ≤0.01 using chi-squared or t test.
Includes tacrolimus and cyclosporin.