Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics according to HDL cholesterol levels
| Characteristic | Overall | HDL-C≤25 mg/dl | HDL-C>25 to <34 mg/dl | HDL-C≥34 to ≤42 mg/dl | HDL-C>42 to <50 mg/dl | HDL-C≥50 mg/dl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | 1,764,986 | 65,431 (3.7) | 338,327 (19.2) | 522,373 (29.6) | 399,303 (22.6) | 439,552 (24.9) |
| Median HDL-C (IQR), mg/dl | 41.0 (34.0–49.5) | 23.0 (21.6–25.0) | 30.0 (28.1–32.0) | 37.9 (36.0–39.5) | 45.0 (43.0–47.0) | 57.0 (53.0–65.0) |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| White | 1,503,312 (85.2) | 58,598 (89.6) | 299,469 (88.5) | 452,934 (86.7) | 338,073 (84.7) | 354,238 (80.6) |
| Black | 224,785 (12.7) | 5626 (8.6) | 31,649 (9.4) | 58,008 (11.1) | 52,670 (13.2) | 76,832 (17.5) |
| Other | 36,889 (2.1) | 1207 (1.8) | 7209 (2.1) | 11,431 (2.2) | 8560 (2.1) | 8482 (1.9) |
| Median age (IQR), yr | 64.1 (56.1–72.6) | 61.8 (55.1–71.4) | 63.1 (55.7–72.0) | 64.0 (56.1–72.4) | 64.8 (56.3–72.9) | 65.0 (56.3–73.1) |
| Cancer (%) | 248,058 (14.1) | 9567 (14.6) | 45,499 (13.5) | 71,324 (13.7) | 55,676 (13.9) | 65,992 (15.0) |
| Cerebrovascular accident (%) | 11,633 (0.7) | 613 (0.9) | 2704 (0.8) | 3643 (0.7) | 2412 (0.6) | 2261 (0.5) |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 576,589 (32.7) | 28,484 (43.5) | 132,693 (39.2) | 181,056 (34.7) | 122,458 (30.7) | 111,898 (25.5) |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 146,203 (8.3) | 10,055 (15.4) | 37,141 (11.0) | 44,195 (8.5) | 28,235 (7.1) | 26,577 (6.1) |
| Chronic lung disease (%) | 384,971 (21.8) | 15,966 (24.4) | 73,546 (21.7) | 107,299 (20.5) | 82,971 (20.8) | 105,189 (23.9) |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 557,235 (31.6) | 31,039 (47.4) | 138,205 (40.9) | 179,777 (34.4) | 113,751 (28.5) | 94,463 (21.5) |
| Dementia (%) | 61,308 (3.5) | 2438 (3.7) | 11,563 (3.4) | 17,766 (3.4) | 13,831 (3.5) | 15,710 (3.6) |
| HIV (%) | 119,926 (6.8) | 6277 (9.6) | 26,114 (7.7) | 35,227 (6.7) | 25,030 (6.3) | 27,278 (6.2) |
| Hypertension (%) | 1,278,661 (72.5) | 50,986 (77.9) | 258,782 (76.5) | 385,445 (73.8) | 283,880 (71.1) | 299,568 (68.2) |
| Hepatitis C (%) | 81,256 (4.6) | 5312 (8.1) | 16,527 (4.9) | 21,527 (4.1) | 16,189 (4.1) | 21,701 (4.9) |
| Peripheral artery disease (%) | 60,387 (3.4) | 3302 (5.1) | 14,210 (4.2) | 18,337 (3.5) | 12,246 (3.1) | 12,292 (2.8) |
| Average eGFR at T0 (SD), ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 74.8 (19.3) | 71.7 (21.6) | 72.6 (20.0) | 73.9 (19.2) | 75.2 (18.7) | 77.7 (18.6) |
| eGFR at T0 (%), ml/min per 1.73 m2 | ||||||
| ≥90 | 25,249 (1.4) | 2085 (3.2) | 7150 (2.1) | 7640 (1.5) | 4462 (1.1) | 3912 (0.9) |
| ≥60 to <90 | 98,720 (5.6) | 5972 (9.1) | 25,157 (7.4) | 31,263 (6.0) | 19,746 (5.0) | 16,582 (3.8) |
| ≥45 to <60 | 272,441 (15.4) | 11,479 (17.5) | 57,977 (17.1) | 85,344 (16.3) | 60,612 (15.2) | 57,029 (13.0) |
| ≥30 to <45 | 954,680 (54.1) | 31,176 (47.7) | 176,095 (52.1) | 283,942 (54.4) | 222,440 (55.7) | 241,027 (54.8) |
| ≥15 to <30 | 413,896 (23.5) | 14,719 (22.5) | 71,948 (21.3) | 114,184 (21.9) | 92,043 (23.1) | 121,002 (27.5) |
| Dialysis during follow-up (%) | 27,157 (1.5) | 1727 (2.6) | 6961 (2.1) | 8144 (1.6) | 5152 (1.3) | 5173 (1.2) |
| Kidney transplant during follow-up (%) | 11,515 (0.7) | 761 (1.2) | 2897 (0.9) | 3357 (0.6) | 2175 (0.5) | 2325 (0.5) |
| Average LDL-C (SD), mg/dl | 109.79 (33.8) | 93.16 (33.9) | 104.40 (33.3) | 110.88 (33.6) | 113.73 (33.6) | 111.54 (33.5) |
| Average triglycerides (SD), mg/dl | 160.81 (114.3) | 252.55 (194.2) | 204.98 (132.5) | 171.69 (108.0) | 145.35 (94.2) | 114.25 (78.3) |
| Average serum albumin (SD), g/dl | 4.09 (0.7) | 3.88 (0.7) | 4.00 (0.6) | 4.08 (0.7) | 4.13 (0.7) | 4.16 (0.8) |
| Body mass index (%) | ||||||
| Underweight | 17,671 (1.0) | 378 (0.6) | 1308 (0.4) | 2604 (0.5) | 3252 (0.8) | 10,129 (2.3) |
| Normal | 345,569 (19.6) | 8,507 (13.0) | 41,815 (12.4) | 78,388 (15.0) | 79,063 (19.8) | 137,796 (31.4) |
| Overweight | 689,296 (39.6) | 23,492 (35.9) | 126,130 (37.3) | 207,027 (39.6) | 167,046 (41.8) | 179,755 (40.9) |
| Obese | 703,450 (39.9) | 33,054 (50.5) | 169,074 (50.0) | 234,354 (44.9) | 149,942 (37.6) | 111,872 (25.5) |
| Average body surface area (SD), m2 | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.2) |
| Statin use during follow-up (%) | 1,282,527 (72.7) | 45,963 (70.3) | 256,950 (76.0) | 397,119 (76.0) | 295,012 (73.9) | 287,483 (65.4) |
| ACEI/ARB use | 876,615 (49.7) | 38,709 (59.2) | 189,971 (56.2) | 270,522 (51.8) | 189,658 (47.5) | 187,755 (42.7) |
| Median follow-up time (IQR), yr | 9.1 (7.7–9.4) | 9.1 (5.4–9.3) | 9.1 (7.3–9.3) | 9.1 (8.1–9.4) | 9.2 (8.3–9.4) | 9.1 (7.4–9.4) |
| Death during follow-up (%) | 541,682 (30.7) | 26,247 (40.1) | 109,222 (32.3) | 152,625 (29.2) | 113,785 (28.5) | 139,803 (31.8) |
| Microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio (%),a mg/g | ||||||
| 0–<20 | 93,696 (69.8) | 4133 (65.5) | 21,558 (67.8) | 30,232 (69.5) | 20,322 (71.4) | 17,451 (72.0) |
| 20–<300 | 36,687 (27.3) | 1902 (30.2) | 9168 (28.9) | 12,030 (27.6) | 7429 (26.1) | 6158 (25.4) |
| ≥300 | 3938 (2.9) | 272 (4.3) | 1053 (3.3) | 1264 (2.9) | 709 (2.5) | 640 (2.6) |
| Average C–reactive proteinb (SD), mg/dl | 2.0 (4.4) | 2.4 (4.7) | 2.2 (4.7) | 2.0 (4.4) | 1.9 (4.2) | 1.9 (4.3) |
HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; IQR, interquartile range; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; ACEI, angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.
a
Results for a subset of the cohort (n=134,321).
b
Results for a subset of the cohort with available C–reactive protein data (n=65,112).