Table 3. The prevalence of comorbid diseases among participants, stratified by gender.
| Type of comorbid diseases | Normal (Male 4916, Female 8251) |
Prehypertension (Male 3785, Female 3315) |
Hypertension (Male 4657, Female 5168) |
p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Percent (95% CI) | N | Percent (95% CI) | N | Percent (95% CI) | ||
| Male | |||||||
| Obesity | 1471 | 29.8 (28.3–31.2) | 1576 | 43.4 (41.6–45.3) | 2445 | 59.9 (57.8–62.0) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 379 | 8.2 (7.3–9.1) | 406 | 9.3 (8.3–10.4) | 988 | 15.4 (14.1–16.7) | <.001 |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 1280 | 26.5 (25.1–28.0) | 1433 | 35.7 (33.9–37.6) | 2519 | 48.1 (45.9–50.2) | <.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1768 | 47.3 (45.4–49.2) | 1487 | 50.0 (47.8–52.2) | 2235 | 60.2 (57.6–62.8) | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 113 | 2.4 (1.9–2.9) | 112 | 2.3 (1.8–2.8) | 356 | 4.0 (3.4–4.5) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4 | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 5 | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 17 | 0.4 (0.04–0.7) | <.01 |
| Liver function test abnormality | 865 | 17.4 (16.2–18.7) | 893 | 23.7 (22.1–25.4) | 1130 | 31.7 (29.6–33.9) | <.001 |
| Thyroid disease | 32 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 24 | 0.5 (0.2–0.7) | 23 | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 0.49 |
| Anemia | 174 | 3.5 (2.9–4.1) | 127 | 2.7 (2.1–3.2) | 269 | 3.2 (2.6–3.8) | <.001 |
| Number of comorbid disease | |||||||
| 0 | 2447 | 50.0 (48.3–51.6) | 1616 | 44.3 (42.4–46.2) | 1560 | 37.1 (34.9–39.4) | <.001 |
| 1 | 1256 | 25.1 (23.7–26.5) | 991 | 25.3 (23.6–26.9) | 1050 | 20.4 (18.6–22.1) | <.001 |
| 2 | 863 | 18.0 (16.8–19.3) | 764 | 19.8 (18.3–21.3) | 1137 | 23.5 (21.7–25.3) | <.001 |
| ≥3 | 350 | 6.9 (6.1–7.7) | 414 | 10.6 (9.4–11.8) | 910 | 19.0 (17.3–20.8) | <.001 |
| Female | |||||||
| Obesity | 2042 | 26.5 (25.3–27.8) | 1355 | 39.4 (37.0–41.8) | 2924 | 55.5 (51.6–59.5) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 315 | 4.6 (4.0–5.2) | 312 | 8.2 (7.0–9.5) | 1082 | 14.7 (12.3–17.1) | <.001 |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 1321 | 17.8 (16.7–18.9) | 995 | 28.5 (26.3–30.6) | 2394 | 41.3 (37.2–45.3) | <.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 2093 | 31.9 (30.6–33.2) | 1251 | 40.6 (38–43.2) | 2625 | 50.3 (46.0–54.6) | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 74 | 1.3 (0.9–1.6) | 75 | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 375 | 3.6 (2.6–4.6) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 7 | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 3 | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 26 | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | <.001 |
| Liver function test abnormality | 399 | 4.8 (4.2–5.4) | 308 | 9.3 (7.8–10.8) | 560 | 11.2 (8.8–13.5) | <.001 |
| Thyroid disease | 256 | 3.1 (2.7–3.6) | 112 | 2.9 (2.1–3.6) | 172 | 4.4 (2.1–6.7) | 0.61 |
| Anemia | 1252 | 15 (14–15.9) | 340 | 12.1 (10.5–13.7) | 623 | 10.9 (8.8–13.1) | <.001 |
| Number of comorbid diseases | |||||||
| 0 | 4333 | 50.6 (49.3–52.0) | 1342 | 44.0 (41.5–46.5) | 1362 | 31.8 (28.1–35.5) | <.001 |
| 1 | 2496 | 30.2 (28.9–31.4) | 969 | 28.0 (25.8–30.2) | 1398 | 29.5 (25.6–33.4) | 0.02 |
| 2 | 1093 | 14.5 (13.6–15.5) | 708 | 19.8 (17.9–21.7) | 1451 | 25.3 (21.8–28.8) | <.001 |
| ≥3 | 329 | 4.7 (4.1–5.3) | 296 | 8.2 (6.9–9.5) | 957 | 13.4 (11.1–15.7) | <.001 |
The number of comorbid diseases was defined by the number of diseases among diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, or hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia), cardiovascular disease (stroke, myocardial infarction, or angina), CKD, thyroid disease, anemia, and liver function test abnormalities. HDL: high density lipoprotein, LDL: low density lipoprotein, CKD: chronic kidney disease