. 2016 May 23;26(5):788–793. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw071

Table 2.

Estimated impact of transitioning into housing arrears on self-reported health, 2008–10, baseline sample of individuals not in arrears and employed, standardized coefficients

Covariate	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7
Housing arrears	−0.14^***	−0.11^***	−0.09^***	−0.07^***	−0.08^***	−0.05^***	−0.03^**
Housing arrears	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Age	–	−0.35^***	−0.38^***	−0.41^***	−0.34^***	−0.36^***	−0.19
Age	–	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.39)
Age²	–	0.11^*	0.21^***	0.24^***	0.16^***	0.17^***	−0.24
Age²	–	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.30)
Female	–	−0.04^***	−0.03^***	−0.03^***	−0.03^***	−0.03^***	–
Female	–	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.00)	–
Marital status
Never married	–	−0.01	−0.00	−0.01	−0.01	−0.00	−0.02
Never married	–	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.01)
Separated or divorced	–	0.00	0.02^*	0.02^*	0.01	−0.01	−0.04^*
Separated or divorced	–	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.02)
Widowed	–	−0.11^**	−0.06^***	−0.06^***	−0.05^***	−0.05^***	−0.01
Widowed	–	(0.03)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.06)
Married	–	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Education level
Post-secondary	–	0.23^***	0.19^***	0.19^***	0.14^***	0.14^***	0.04
Post-secondary	–	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.06)
Secondary	–	0.12^**	0.10^*	0.10^*	0.05^***	0.07^***	0.02
Secondary	–	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.06)
Primary	–	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Tenure
Private rent	–	−0.05^*	−0.05^*	−0.04^*	−0.05^***	−0.04^***	−0.02^*
Private rent	–	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.01)
Reduced rent	–	−0.06^**	−0.05^**	−0.05^**	−0.05^***	−0.04^***	−0.01
Reduced rent	–	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Owner occupier	–	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Disposable income (1000s)	–	0.08^***	0.07^**	0.07^**	0.05^***	0.04^***	−0.001
Disposable income (1000s)	–	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.002)
Chronic Illness at baseline year (yes)	–	–	−0.28^***	−0.28^***	−0.29^***	−0.27^***	–
Chronic Illness at baseline year (yes)	–	–	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	–
Limiting illness at baseline year
Yes, strongly limiting	–	–	−0.51^***	−0.50^***	−0.50^***	−0.53^***	–
Yes, strongly limiting	–	–	(0.03)	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	–
Yes	–	–	−0.26^***	−0.26^***	−0.26^***	−0.26^***	–
Yes	–	–	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	–
No	–	–	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Economic activity
Lost job	–	–	–	−0.09^***	−0.08^***	−0.06^***	−0.02^**
Lost job	–	–	–	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Retired	–	–	–	−0.03	−0.02	−0.03^**	0.02
Retired	–	–	–	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.01)	(0.02)
Other inactive	–	–	–	−0.10^**	−0.12^***	−0.08^***	−0.02
Other inactive	–	–	–	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.03)
Employed	–	–	–	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Variance parameters
Country (SD)	–	–	–	–	–	0.04	–
Country (SD)	–	–	–	–	–	(0.01)	–
Household (SD)	–	–	–	–	–	0.09	–
Household (SD)	–	–	–	–	–	(0.00)	–
Individual (SD)	–	–	–	–	–	0.08	–
Individual (SD)	–	–	–	–	–	(0.00)	–
Residual (SD)	–	–	–	–	–	0.24	–
Residual (SD)	–	–	–	–	–	(0.00)	–
R²	0.002	0.09	0.23	0.23	0.26	0.23	0.06
Country level random effects	No	No	No	No	Dummy variables	Yes	No
Household random effects	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
Individual random effects	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
Individual fixed effects	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Number of individual-years	n/a	97 811	97 145	96 864	96 864	101 155	99 916

Notes: Data from EU-SILC 2010 longitudinal dataset. Robust standard errors clustered at varying levels with each model. Age squared divided by 100 to facilitate interpretation. Coefficients standardized following Gelman (2008) who advocates dividing by two standard deviations, variance parameters for multilevel model taken from unstandardized outcome model.

*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001.