Table 2.
Covariate | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Housing arrears | −0.14*** | −0.11*** | −0.09*** | −0.07*** | −0.08*** | −0.05*** | −0.03** |
(0.04) | (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
Age | – | −0.35*** | −0.38*** | −0.41*** | −0.34*** | −0.36*** | −0.19 |
(0.04) | (0.03) | (0.04) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.39) | ||
Age2 | – | 0.11* | 0.21*** | 0.24*** | 0.16*** | 0.17*** | −0.24 |
(0.05) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.30) | ||
Female | – | −0.04*** | −0.03*** | −0.03*** | −0.03*** | −0.03*** | – |
(0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.00) | |||
Marital status | |||||||
Never married | – | −0.01 | −0.00 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.00 | −0.02 |
(0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.01) | ||
Separated or divorced | – | 0.00 | 0.02* | 0.02* | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.04* |
(0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.02) | ||
Widowed | – | −0.11** | −0.06*** | −0.06*** | −0.05*** | −0.05*** | −0.01 |
(0.03) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.06) | ||
Married | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Education level | |||||||
Post-secondary | – | 0.23*** | 0.19*** | 0.19*** | 0.14*** | 0.14*** | 0.04 |
(0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.06) | ||
Secondary | – | 0.12** | 0.10* | 0.10* | 0.05*** | 0.07*** | 0.02 |
(0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.06) | ||
Primary | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Tenure | |||||||
Private rent | – | −0.05* | −0.05* | −0.04* | −0.05*** | −0.04*** | −0.02* |
(0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.01) | ||
Reduced rent | – | −0.06** | −0.05** | −0.05** | −0.05*** | −0.04*** | −0.01 |
(0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | ||
Owner occupier | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Disposable income (1000s) | – | 0.08*** | 0.07** | 0.07** | 0.05*** | 0.04*** | −0.001 |
(0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.002) | ||
Chronic Illness at baseline year (yes) | – | – | −0.28*** | −0.28*** | −0.29*** | −0.27*** | – |
(0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.01) | ||||
Limiting illness at baseline year | |||||||
Yes, strongly limiting | – | – | −0.51*** | −0.50*** | −0.50*** | −0.53*** | – |
(0.03) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.01) | ||||
Yes | – | – | −0.26*** | −0.26*** | −0.26*** | −0.26*** | – |
(0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | ||||
No | – | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Economic activity | |||||||
Lost job | – | – | – | −0.09*** | −0.08*** | −0.06*** | −0.02** |
(0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | ||||
Retired | – | – | – | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.03** | 0.02 |
(0.03) | (0.03) | (0.01) | (0.02) | ||||
Other inactive | – | – | – | −0.10** | −0.12*** | −0.08*** | −0.02 |
(0.03) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.03) | ||||
Employed | – | – | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Variance parameters | |||||||
Country (SD) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.04 | – |
(0.01) | |||||||
Household (SD) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.09 | – |
(0.00) | |||||||
Individual (SD) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.08 | – |
(0.00) | |||||||
Residual (SD) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.24 | – |
(0.00) | |||||||
R2 | 0.002 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.06 |
Country level random effects | No | No | No | No | Dummy variables | Yes | No |
Household random effects | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Individual random effects | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Individual fixed effects | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Number of individual-years | n/a | 97 811 | 97 145 | 96 864 | 96 864 | 101 155 | 99 916 |
Notes: Data from EU-SILC 2010 longitudinal dataset. Robust standard errors clustered at varying levels with each model. Age squared divided by 100 to facilitate interpretation. Coefficients standardized following Gelman (2008) who advocates dividing by two standard deviations, variance parameters for multilevel model taken from unstandardized outcome model.
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.