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. 2016 Oct 7;6:35000. doi: 10.1038/srep35000

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(a) The electrons meve normally to the crystal surface (along the z-axis) and their Coulomb field induces a localized birefringence in the crystal. (b) While the electric field penetrates in the crystal, the birefringent zone shifts downwards along the y-axis. Simultaneously, the probe laser crosses the crystal from left and moves parallel to the x-axis. Its polarization is therefore rotated by means of the induced birefringence in the crystal. (c) The resulting signal is emitted along the blue region, i.e. where the local birefringence and the probe laser temporally overlap.