Table 2.
Significant main effectsa in the training sessions with an effect size ≥ 0.02
| Dependent variable | Within/between subject factor | Mean (SE) | 95 % CI lower-upper | F | p | η2G | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reach time (s) | Session | 1 | 0.96 (.04) | 0.85–1.08 | 11.63 | .00 | .06 |
| 2 | 0.87 (.03) | 0.77–0.96 | |||||
| 3 | 0.85 (.03) | 0.76–0.95 | |||||
| 4 | 0.85 (.04) | 0.75–0.95 | |||||
| 5 | 0.85 (.04) | 0.74–0.95 | |||||
| Group | COM | 0.89 (.06) | 0.73–1.05 | 4.27 | .03 | .26 | |
| IG | 0.75 (.06) | 0.59–0.91 | |||||
| DG | 0.99 (.06) | 0.82–1.16 | |||||
| Plateau time (s) | Group | COM | 0.49 (.03) | 0.41–0.57 | 16.71 | .00 | .41 |
| IG | 0.35 (.03) | 0.27–0.42 | |||||
| DG | 0.57 (.03) | 0.49–0.66 | |||||
| Hook closing time (s) | Session | 1 | 0.86 (.06) | 0.70–1.02 | 20.36 | .00 | .20 |
| 2 | 0.69 (.04) | 0.59–0.79 | |||||
| 3 | 0.65 (.03) | 0.56–0.75 | |||||
| 4 | 0.61 (.03) | 0.53–0.70 | |||||
| 5 | 0.56 (.04) | 0.45–0.68 | |||||
| Peak velocity hook closing (mm/s) | Session | 1 | 134.68 (8.29) | 111.10–158.26 | 5.19 | .007 | .04 |
| 2 | 145.19 (10.60) | 115.04–175.34 | |||||
| 3 | 143.83 (8.50) | 119.66–168.00 | |||||
| 4 | 158.27 (11.09) | 126.71–189.83 | |||||
| 5 | 163.21 (13.32) | 125.30–201.12 | |||||
| Object | Solid | 157.06 (10.20) | 128.04–186.08 | 14.43 | .00 | .12 | |
| HO | 151.27 (9.38) | 124.58–177.96 | |||||
| MO | 145.50 (9.81) | 117.60–173.40 | |||||
| LO | 142.32 (9.01) | 116.69–167.95 | |||||
| Compression when grasping (mm) | Object | HO | 0.55 (.04) | 0.44–0.66 | 402.65 | .00 | .83 |
| MO | 2.47 (.11) | 2.15–2.80 | |||||
| LO | 5.02 (.19) | 4.48–5.55 | |||||
| Compression during manipulation (mm) | Object | HO | 0.93 (.07) | 0.74–1.12 | 591.65 | .00 | .91 |
| MO | 5.34 (.18) | 4.84–5.84 | |||||
| LO | 7.30 (.16) | 6.84–7.75 | |||||
| Force when grasping (N) | Group | COM | 3.63 (.19) | 3.24–4.03 | 4.21 | .03 | .09 |
| IG | 2.86 (.19) | 2.46–3.25 | |||||
| DG | 3.33 (.20) | 2.90–3.76 | |||||
| Object | HO | 2.14 (.15) | 1.72–2.57 | 61.60 | .00 | .39 | |
| MO | 3.51 (.16) | 3.05–3.97 | |||||
| LO | 4.17 (.16) | 3.72–4.61 | |||||
| Force during manipulation (N) | Object | HO | 3.66 (.26) | 2.92–4.39 | 100.96 | .00 | .59 |
| MO | 7.58 (.25) | 6.88–8.29 | |||||
| LO | 6.06 (.13) | 5.68–6.44 | |||||
SE standard error of the mean, 95% CI lower-upper 95% Confidence Interval, Lower bound and Upper bound, s second, mm millimeter, COM combination group, IG indirect grasping group, DG direct grasping group, Solid solid object, HO high-resistance object, MO moderate-resistance object, LO low-resistance object
aA main effect of object shows the means per object over all sessions and all groups; in case of a main effect of session the means per session over all objects and all groups are shown, whereas a main effect of group shows the means per group over all sessions and all objects