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. 2016 Oct 7;4:39. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2016.00039

Table 1.

Enzymes and their mutants formed by site directed mutagenesis.

S. no. Source Wild type enzyme Substrate specificity/cofactor specificity Mutant enzyme New substrate specificity/cofactor specificity Mutations at specific sites References
1. Trichomonas vaginalis Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate etc. Malate dehydrogenase Malate etc. Leu91Arg Wu et al., 1999
2. Citrobacter freundii Tyrosine phenol lyase β- elimination of tyrosine Dicarboxylic amino acid β-lyase enzyme Reversible transfer of an amino group from dicarboxylic amino acids to oxo acids Arg100Thr, Val283Arg Mouratou et al., 1999
3. Citrobacter freundii Tyrosine phenol lyase β- elimination of tyrosine Tyrosine phenol lyase Decreased affinity for β- elimination of tyrosine Asn185Ala, Tyr71Phe, Thr124Asp, Phe448His Chen H. Y. et al., 1995; Barbolina et al., 2000; Demidkina et al., 2002
4. Lactobacillus pentosus NAD-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase Pyruvate D-2hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase Larger aliphatic or aromatic 2-ketoacid substrates Tyr52Leu Tokuda et al., 2003
5. E. coli Choline acetyl transferase Acetyl group acceptor is choline Carnitine acetyl transferase Specificity More for carnitine and less for choline Val459Thr, Asp460Glu, Asn461Thr Asn514Arg Reznik et al., 1998
6. E. coli Aspartate amino- transferase reversible transfer of the amino group of aspartate or glutamate to the cognate oxo acids L-aspartate-β decarboxylase β-caboxylase activity Tyr225Arg, Arg292Lys Arg386Ala Graber et al., 1999
7. Bacillus stearothermophilus Lactate dehydrogenase specific for cofactor NAD+ Same Utilized NADP+ far better Phe16Gln, Cys81Ser Asn85Arg Flores and Ellington, 2005
8. E. coli β-Glucuronidase β- galactosidase activity Same Increased in β galactosidase activity Thr509Ala, Ser557Pro, Asn566Ser Lys568Gln Geddie and Matsumura, 2004
9. E. coli Malate dehydrogenase Inter-conversion of malate & oxaloacetate Same Catalytic activity is decreased & specificity for other substrate increased Arg153Cys Wright and Viola, 2001
10. E. coli Aspartate amino transferases Aspartate Same Five-fold increase in activity Asn34Asp, Ile37Met, Ser139Gly, Asn142Thr, Asn297Ser, Val387Leu Yano et al., 1998
11. E. coli Aspartate amino transferases Aspartate same Valine 17 mutations Oue et al., 1999
12. E. coli Streptavidin Biotin Same Biotin analogs e.g., Iminobiotin Asn23Ala Ser27Asp Reznik et al., 1998
13. Klebsiella pneumoniae 1,2 propanediol oxidoreductase Coenzyme-NADH Same Coenzyme-NADH and NADPH Asp41Ala, Asp41Gly Ma et al., 2010
14. Bacillus lentus Subtilisins Proteolytic activity Same Increased proteolytic activity Lys27Arg/ Asn87Ser/ Val104Tyr/ Asn123Ser /Thr274Ala Asn76Asp/ Asn87Ser/ Ser103Ala/ Val104Ile Graycar et al., 1999
15. Streptomyces spp. Cholestrol oxidase Pregnenolone, cholesterol Same Increased catalytic activity Ser379Thr Toyama et al., 2002
16. E. coli Isocitrate dehydrogenase Coenzyme-NADP Same Coenzyme-NAD 6 mutations Chen R. et al., 1995
17. Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus Glutamate dehydrogenase Coenzyme-NADH Same Coenzyme-NADPH Glu243Lys/Glu243Asp Carrigan and Engel, 2007
18. Candida boidinii Formate dehydrogenase Coenzyme-NAD+ Same Coenzyme-NADP+ Asp195Gln/Tyr196His Andreadeli et al., 2008
19. E. coli Malate dehydrogenase Oxaloacetate Phenylactate dehydrogenase Phenyl pyruvate Arg81Cys Wright et al., 2000
20. Streptomyces coelicolor Malate dehydrogenase NADP same NADPH Glu42Gly, Ile43Ser, Pro45Arg, Ala46Ser Ge et al., 2014
21. Pseudomonas N176 Glutaryl-7-ACA acylase CephC CephalosporinCacylases (CA) CephC His57Ser His70Ser, Leu154Tyr Conti et al., 2014
22. Candida tenuis Xylose reductase NADPH Same NADH Lys274Arg–Asn276Asp Petschacher et al., 2005
23. Thermus thermophilus Lactate dehydrogenase NADH Same NADPH 7 amino acid residues Tomita et al., 2006b
24. Pichia stipitis Xylose reductase NADPH Same NADH Lys21Ala/ Asn272Asp Zeng et al., 2009
25. Clostridium symbiosum Glutamate dehydrogenase NADH Same NADPH Asp263Lys, Phe238Ser, Pro262Ser Griffin and Engel, 2011
26. Thermus flavus Malate dehydrogenase NADH Same NADPH 7 amino acids residues Nishiyama et al., 1993; Tomita et al., 2006a
27. E. coli Lactaldehyde dehydrogenase NADH Same NADPH Phe180Thr Rodríguez-Zavala, 2008
28. Candida magnoliae Carbonyl reductase NADPH Same NADH 8 amino acid residues Morikawa et al., 2005
29. Neurospora crassa Nitrate reductase NADPH Same NADH Ser920Asp Arg932 Asp Shiraishi et al., 1998
30. Lactobacillus bulgaricus Lactate dehydrogenase NADH Same NADPH Asp175Ala Bernard et al., 1995
31. Glomerella cingulata Cutinase Hydrolysis of esters and triglycerides Same Catalytically inactive His204Asn Nyon et al., 2009
32. Pseudomonas aeruginosa LST- 03 Lipase Ester synthesis and inter-esterification reaction and lipid hydrolysis Same Increased organic solvent stability Ser155Leu Gly157Arg, Ser164Lys, Ser194Arg, Asp209Asn Kawata and Ogino, 2010
33. Geobacillus kaustophilus HTA426 Lactonase 3-oxo-N-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone Same 72-fold increase in the catalytic efficiency Glu101Asn/ Arg230Ile Chow et al., 2010
3-oxo-N-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone Same N-butyryl-l-homoserine lactone Asp266Asn Chow et al., 2010
34. alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Cyclodextrin glucano transferase produce cyclodextrins from starch Same higher product yields His233Tyr Leemhuis et al., 2010
35. E. coli Lactaldehyde reductase NADH Same 3.6-fold increase in kcat Met185Cys Cahn et al., 2016
36. Saccharomyces cerevisae Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase NAD(P)H Same 82-fold increase in activity Gln110Val Cahn et al., 2016
37. Actinoplanes utahensis Cephalosporin acyclase Cephalosporin Same Aculeacin A Phe177(β)Gly/Met145(α)Ala and Phe177(β)Gly/Met145(α)Ala/Tyr149(α)Val Isogai and Nakayama, 2016