Table 1.
Sample Characteristics among the overall sample and past six-month substance users stratified by sex.
| Overall Sample | Males | Females | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Available N (N = 3,396)a |
Overall Sample (N = 1,568) |
Substance Users (N = 393) |
Overall Sample (N = 1,801) |
Substance Users (N = 493) |
|
| Age, M (SD) | 3,360 | 14.6 (0.4) | 14.7 (0.5) | 14.5 (0.4) | 14.6 (0.4) |
| Ethnicity, % | 3,311 | ||||
| Hispanic or Latino | -- | 43.1% | 47.1% | 48.8% | 56.0% |
| Not Hispanic/Latino | -- | 54.5% | 53.7% | 49.8% | 42.2% |
| Highest parental education, % | 2,931 | ||||
| High school graduate or less | -- | 25.6% | 32.6% | 26.3% | 35.9% |
| Some college or more | -- | 60.0% | 56.2% | 61.7% | 54.6% |
| RCADS- MDD, M (SD) | 3,208 | 6.2 (6.2) | 7.3 (6.7) | 9.2 (7.4) | 11.3 (7.9) |
| RCADS- GAD Symptoms, M (SD) | 3,217 | 7.1 (4.5) | 8.2 (4.7) | 9.0 (4.6) | 10.0 (4.7) |
| RCADS- PD Symptoms, M (SD) | 3,192 | 3.4 (4.6) | 4.3 (5.5) | 5.3 (5.7) | 6.7 (6.4) |
| UPPS-P- Positive Urgency, M (SD) | 3,203 | 3.4 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.6) | 3.4 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.7) |
| Peer Substance Use, M (SD) | 3,329 | 14.4 (117.5) | 5.9 (71.1) | 14.9 (119.1) | 19.3 (133.7) |
| Alternative Reinforcers, M (SD) | 3,279 | 69.3 (29.2) | 65.9 (31.4) | 73.1 (27.5) | 65.2 (28.7) |
| Complementary Reinforcers, M (SD) | 520b | -- | 22.2 (27.5) | -- | 13.9 (18.9) |
| CPs, M (SD) | 3,313 | 16.2 (6.0) | 20.1 (8.3) | 15.6 (5.0) | 19.0 (7.1) |
| Past Six-Month Substance Use, % | |||||
| Any Substance | 3,366 | 25.1% | 100% | 27.4% | 100% |
| Alcohol | 3,255 | 11.9% | 47.6% | 16.5% | 60.2% |
| Cigarette | 3,353 | 3.3% | 13.0% | 3.7% | 13.6% |
| Marijuana | 3,336 | 8.9% | 35.6% | 9.3% | 33.9% |
| Past 30-Day Substance Use Frequency, M (SD) |
|||||
| Any Substance | 502 | -- | 0.33 (0.7) | -- | 0.37 (0.7) |
| Alcohol | 390 | -- | 0.65 (1.3) | -- | 0.86 (1.4) |
| Cigarette | 83 | -- | 0.18 (0.8) | -- | 0.22 (0.9) |
| Marijuana | 263 | -- | 0.97 (2.0) | -- | 0.83 (1.8) |
Note. Data from ninth grade students in Los Angeles, California, USA collected in 2013. Columns on male and female substance users stratify data by those who used any substance in the last six months.
The overall sample between males and females (1,568+1,801 = 3,369) does not add up to the total available N for the overall sample because 27 teens did not report their gender.
Sample size is low because an individual had to endorse substance use to endorse at least one complementary reinforcer. CPs = Conduct Problems; CESD = Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale; RCADS = Revised Children’s Anxiety And Depression Scale; MDD = Major Depressive Disorder; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; PD = Panic Disorder; UPPS-P = Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, and Positive Urgency. Data on complementary reinforcers and substance use frequency is not given in the overall sample because it is not possible to engage in activities that complement substance use if the adolescent does not use substances. Thus, numbers are the same across both columns given.