Table 3.
| Variables3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time horizon | −1.62*** (0.144) | −1.65*** (0.140) | −1.66*** (0.140) | −1.65*** (0.140) |
| Male | −0.51 (0.416) | −2.31*** (0.410) | −2.65*** (0.451) | −1.55*** (0.552) |
| Age | −1.24*** (0.075) | −1.14*** (0.073) | −1.14*** (0.073) | −1.15*** (0.073) |
| (Age)2 | −0.02*** (0.004) | −0.01** (0.004) | −0.01* (0.004) | −0.01*** (0.004) |
| Germany | −4.55*** (1.315) | −4.72*** (1.253) | −4.92*** (1.252) | −4.87*** (1.252) |
| Sweden | 0.46 (1.374) | −1.51 (1.330) | −2.00 (1.334) | −2.05 (1.332) |
| Netherlands | 2.93** (1.290) | 1.33 (1.235) | 1.00 (1.242) | 1.05 (1.241) |
| Spain | 2.63* (1.530) | 2.84** (1.448) | 2.90** (1.449) | 2.97** (1.447) |
| Italy | 6.66*** (1.301) | 7.59*** (1.239) | 7.77*** (1.240) | 7.90*** (1.239) |
| France | 1.67 (1.320) | 2.01 (1.262) | 1.64 (1.263) | 1.68 (1.264) |
| Denmark | 6.77*** (1.366) | 5.11*** (1.309) | 4.70*** (1.317) | 4.63*** (1.317) |
| Greece | 3.41*** (1.257) | 2.48** (1.207) | 2.33* (1.207) | 2.39** (1.207) |
| Switzerland | 5.13*** (1.441) | 2.91** (1.394) | 2.54* (1.397) | 2.65* (1.396) |
| Belgium | −2.20* (1.237) | −1.79 (1.183) | −2.19* (1.184) | −2.18* (1.184) |
| Czech Republic | −14.33*** (1.397) | −14.41*** (1.330) | −14.32*** (1.328) | −14.32*** (1.328) |
| Poland | −10.81*** (1.434) | −6.96*** (1.380) | −6.64*** (1.382) | −6.51*** (1.382) |
| Living alone | −2.82*** (0.559) | −1.98*** (0.541) | −1.78*** (0.541) | −1.75*** (0.541) |
| Parent(s) alive | 3.13*** (0.680) | 3.04*** (0.662) | 2.99*** (0.660) | 2.93*** (0.659) |
| Child(ren) | 1.50* (0.799) | 1.75** (0.775) | 1.59** (0.775) | 1.56** (0.774) |
| ISCED 2 | 0.82 (0.677) | −0.30 (0.657) | −0.35 (0.656) | −0.32 (0.656) |
| ISCED 3 or 4 | 2.69*** (0.623) | 1.00 (0.606) | 0.80 (0.607) | 0.78 (0.607) |
| ISCED 5 or 6 | 4.01*** (0.722) | 1.92*** (0.706) | 1.61** (0.704) | 1.56** (0.704) |
| Working | 4.44*** (0.764) | 3.09*** (0.758) | 3.12*** (0.757) | 2.97*** (0.755) |
| Income high | 1.18* (0.606) | 0.75 (0.589) | 0.63 (0.588) | 0.54 (0.588) |
| Rural area | −1.15** (0.482) | −1.24*** (0.467) | −1.31*** (0.467) | −1.34*** (0.467) |
| Chronic disease | −2.18*** (0.623) | −2.20*** (0.623) | −2.19*** (0.623) | |
| Depressed | −9.66*** (0.567) | −9.32*** (0.569) | −9.31*** (0.569) | |
| Obese | −0.66 (0.552) | −0.74 (0.552) | −0.66 (0.552) | |
| Doctor visits high | −3.63*** (0.473) | −3.64*** (0.472) | −3.62*** (0.471) | |
| Drug use | −2.89*** (0.622) | −2.90*** (0.621) | −2.83*** (0.621) | |
| Hospital stay (night) | −1.06* (0.618) | −0.84 (0.619) | −0.84 (0.618) | |
| ADL limitations | −2.64*** (0.808) | −1.92** (0.821) | −2.10** (0.822) | |
| iADL limitations | −5.73*** (0.676) | −5.09*** (0.686) | −5.16*** (0.684) | |
| Stopped smoking | 0.43 (0.513) | 0.36 (0.513) | ||
| Currently smoking | −2.85*** (0.639) | −2.87*** (0.639) | ||
| Alcohol cons. (exc.) | 1.82*** (0.472) | 0.46 (0.611) | ||
| Physically inactive | −3.62*** (0.816) | −6.54*** (1.185) | ||
| Exces. alc × female | 3.07*** (0.867) | |||
| Phys. inact × age | 0.33*** (0.096) | |||
| Constant | 82.24*** (2.309) | 93.27*** (2.279) | 93.69*** (2.284) | 93.53*** (2.285) |
| F stat | 164.67 | 167.14 | 151.75 | 145.48 |
| R 2 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 |
| Adj. R 2 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.26 |
1 n = 16 295.
2Robust standard errors in parentheses.
3Austria is country reference group. For education, ISCED 0 or 1 is reference group. For smoking status, non‐smokers are reference group.
***P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, *P < 0.10.