Table 2. Regression-Adjusted Estimates of the Effect of Selected Health Risk Factors or Chronic Diseases on Number of Excess Missed Workdaysa per Year per Employee in US Workforceb , c .
| Risk Factor or Disease | Single Factor or Diseased |
Multiple Factors or Diseasese |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Controls | Adjusted for Age, Sex, Race | Full Model | Risk Factor | Chronic Disease | All | |
| Medical Expenditure Panel Survey | ||||||
| Current smoking | 0.67 (0.35–0.99) | 0.76 (0.44–1.08) | 0.58 (0.25–0.92) | 0.66 (0.59–0.71) | NA | 0.26 (0.19–0.31) |
| Physical inactivity | 0.73 (0.45–1.01) | 0.64 (0.35–0.93) | 0.63 (0.33–0.92) | 0.49 (0.44–0.52) | NA | 0.50 (0.44–0.55) |
| Obesity | 1.29 (0.98–1.60) | 1.12 (0.79–1.44) | 1.02 (0.70–1.33) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | NA | 0.20 (0.17–0.26) |
| Hypertension | 1.51 (1.21–1.82) | 1.28 (0.97–1.58) | 1.13 (0.84–1.42) | NA | 1.08 (1.03–1.12) | 0.96 (0.90–1.00) |
| Diabetes | 1.49 (1.09–1.88) | 1.17 (0.77–1.57) | 1.03 (0.63–1.42) | NA | 0.72 (0.63–0.80) | 0.62 (0.53–0.70) |
| MarketScan | ||||||
| Current smoking | 1.77 (1.64–1.90) | 1.82 (1.69–1.97) | 1.07 (0.83–1.31) | 1.47 (0.07–2.2) | NA | 1.51 (0.77–2.25) |
| Current smoking, controlled for former smoking | 2.41 (1.66–3.16) | 2.31 (1.57–3.05) | 2.20 (1.45–2.95) | 2.21 (1.76–2.66) | NA | 1.95 (1.23–2.74) |
| Physical inactivity | 2.23 (1.80–2.67) | 2.06 (1.64–2.49) | 1.94 (1.51–2.36) | 1.70 (1.26–2.13) | NA | 1.64 (1.20–2.08) |
| Obesity | 0.92 (0.81–1.02) | 0.75 (0.66–0.85) | 0.59 (0.49–0.69) | 1.16 (0.71–1.6) | NA | 0.88 (0.42–1.34) |
| Hypertension | 2.38 (2.20–2.55) | 2.06 (1.64–2.31) | 1.23 (1.06–1.41) | NA | 0.73 (0.52–0.95) | 0.85 (0.31–1.37) |
| Diabetes | 2.29 (1.97–2.62) | 2.05 (1.72–2.38) | 1.35 (0.98–1.73) | NA | 1.17 (0.82–1.53) | 1.71 (0.77–2.65) |
Abbreviations: MEPS, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; NA, not applicable.
Number of excess missed workdays defined as the difference in the number of days missed from work by those who reported having a risk factor or chronic disease and those who did not.
Data sources: MarketScan and Medical Expenditure Panel Survey [19], 2008–2011. MarketScan is a large US commercial health care claims database; it is a de-identified convenience subpopulation of privately insured individuals (18).
Regression estimates from zero-inflated Poisson regression, robust standard errors clustered by respondent (MarketScan). In addition, MEPS estimates weighted and standard errors adjusted for complex survey design.
Models for 1 risk factor or chronic disease in regression (specified by the row). The column depicts level of controls where the full model includes controls for age, sex, race (MEPS only), industry, part-time status, union membership, region, and sick-leave policy (MEPS only).
Models for multiple risk factors or diseases, listed by row (eg, risk factors regression includes smoking, inactivity, and obesity). All regressions include controls for age, sex, race (MEPS only), industry, part-time status, union membership, region, and sick-leave policy (MEPS only).