Table 2.

A Sample of Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Studies Relevant to Emergency Medicine

Study	Disease Area	Approach	Primary Finding	Emergency Care Import
Biffi et al.23	Cerebral hemorrhage	Genetic association study	Vasculopathic changes associated with the APOE epsilon2 allele might have a role in the severity and clinical course of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage.	This information could be used early in the course of a patient with intracerebral hemorrhage to guide treatment and even goals-of-care discussions.
Warren et al.21	Trauma	Genomic	Assessment of genome-wide gene expression provides useful clinical information different from that provided by currently utilized anatomic or physiologic scores.	Consideration of the patient’s underlying physiology is as important as the traumatic injury event characteristics. This information could be used to guide leveling criteria or operative treatment decisions.
Linnstaedt et al.37	Pain	Genetic association study	Patients with an AG or GG genotype at the OPRM1 A118G allele have less severe pain at six weeks after trauma.	This information could be used to rationally guide which patients would need specialized pain service follow-up after traumatic injury.
DeCoux et al.27	Sepsis	Proteomic	Distinct proteins in common pathways predicted sepsis outcomes.	This information could be used to guide disposition decisions or to identify patients with occult sepsis.
Subudhi et al.38	Altitude-Related Illness	Metabolomics	Identified metabolites associated with hemoglobin adaptation to high altitude sickness.	This information could be used to guide the decision of whether to transport patients out of high altitude settings, a resource-intensive treatment.
Fernández-Cadenas et al.39	Stroke	Genomic	Three single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with recanalization in rTPA- treated stroke patients	These data could be used to guide interventional or TPA administration treatment decisions.
Voellenkle et al.40	Congestive heart failure	Transcriptomic	Identified miRNAs differentially modulated in non- ischemic vs. ischemic cardiomyopathy patients.	This information could guide the decision whether to pursue coronary imaging and transplant options.