Table 1.
Participant characteristics and post hoc analysis among groups
| No DPN (n = 41) | DPN (n = 41) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No ulcer (n = 26) | Ulcer (n = 15) | |||
| Sex (male), n (%) | 17 (41) | 16 (61) | 8 (53) | 0.27 |
| Age (years) | 62.5 ± 9.8 | 68 ± 9 | 65.5 ± 10 | 0.08 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 10 (6–12) | 20 (11–28)* | 16 (12–23)* | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9 (6.2–7.5) | 7.1 (6.6–7.6) | 7.2 (6.9–7.9) | 0.13 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51.9 (44.3–57.4) | 54.1 (48.6–59.6) | 55.2 (51.9–62.8) | 0.13 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.2 (28.0–34.0) | 31.0 (27.6–34.1) | 34.9 (28.8–38.9) | 0.32 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 107 ± 12 | 108 ± 12 | 112 ± 9 | 0.31 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 177 (154–210) | 179 (154–218) | 169 (152–202) | 0.76 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 133 (100–163) | 125 (102–168) | 113 (87–178) | 0.72 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 45 (41–52) | 48 (42–51) | 41 (36–50) | 0.27 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 103 (83–126) | 104 (86–122) | 101 (73–132) | 0.94 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 7 (14) | 5 (19) | 4 (27) | 0.72 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 96 ± 32 | 96 ± 29 | 106 ± 30 | 0.56 |
| ABI | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (0.93–1.00) | 1.00 (0.97–1.18) | 0.15 |
| NDS | 0 (0–2) | 8 (6–10)* | 12 (10–14)*§ | <0.001 |
| Abnormal RR ratio, n (%) | 5 (12.1) | 5 (19.2) | 10 (66.7)*§ | <0.001 |
| Ischemia, n (%) | 3 (7.3) | 7 (26.9)* | 9 (60)*§ | <0.001 |
| Abnormal SSS, n (%) | 4 (9.8) | 10 (38.5)* | 9 (60)* | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or as the median (interquartile range) when the distribution was not normal. Categorical variable are expressed as frequency (%)
NDS Neuropathy Disability Score, BMI body mass index, ABI ankle-brachial index, SSS Summed Stress Score, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, GFR glomerular filtration rate
* p < 0.05 compared to no DPN, § p < 0.05 compared to DPN without ulcers