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. 2016 Oct 8;388(10053):1545–1602. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6

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© 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Leading ten causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) with the ratio of observed years lived with disability (YLDs) to years lived with disability (YLDs) expected on the basis of SDI in 2015, by location

Shades of blue represent much lower observed YLDs than expected levels based on SDI, whereas red shows that observed YLDs exceed expected levels. Alzheimer's=Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Back & neck=low back and neck pain. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Drugs=drug use disorders. Haemog=haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias. Heat & cold=environmental heat and cold exposure. IHD=ischaemic heart disease. Iron=iron-deficiency anaemia. NTD=neglected tropical diseases. Oncho=onchocerciasis. Oral=oral disorders. Osteoarth=osteoarthritis. Other cardio=other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases. Other MSK=other musculoskeletal disorders. Other nutr=other nutritional deficiencies. Other unint=other unintentional injuries. PEM=protein-energy malnutrition. Schitso=schistosomiasis. Schiz=schizophrenia. Sense=sense organ diseases. Skin=skin and subcutaneous diseases. TB=tuberculosis.

Leading ten causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) with the ratio of observed years lived with disability (YLDs) to years lived with disability (YLDs) expected on the basis of SDI in 2015, by location

Shades of blue represent much lower observed YLDs than expected levels based on SDI, whereas red shows that observed YLDs exceed expected levels. Alzheimer's=Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Back & neck=low back and neck pain. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Drugs=drug use disorders. Haemog=haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias. Heat & cold=environmental heat and cold exposure. IHD=ischaemic heart disease. Iron=iron-deficiency anaemia. NTD=neglected tropical diseases. Oncho=onchocerciasis. Oral=oral disorders. Osteoarth=osteoarthritis. Other cardio=other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases. Other MSK=other musculoskeletal disorders. Other nutr=other nutritional deficiencies. Other unint=other unintentional injuries. PEM=protein-energy malnutrition. Schitso=schistosomiasis. Schiz=schizophrenia. Sense=sense organ diseases. Skin=skin and subcutaneous diseases. TB=tuberculosis.