XAL1 regulates cell transitions to differentiation in Arabidopsis root. (A–C) xal1-2 (B) has larger root hairs and these appear at shorter distances from the root-tip, while XAL1-OE 7.9.1 (C) has shorter root hairs that first appear at more distant positions with respect to the QC in comparison to WT (A). Roots of 5 dpg plants. Scale bars = 1 cm. (D) Distance to the first root hair from the QC in WT, xal1-2 and both overexpression lines, 5.2.5 and 7.9.1, in 5 dpg seedlings. Data correspond to mean ± s.e. and statistically significant differences (*P < 0·05, **0·01, ***0·001) were obtained with the Kruskal–Wallis test (n = 15). (E) Ploidy distribution of nuclei DNA content of WT, xal1-2 and XAL1-OE 5.2.5 from 1 and 3 dpg whole roots and 6 and 9 dpg root-tips (1 cm long). (F) Cell size profiles of cortex root cells of xal1-2 and WT roots from the QC to the first root hair in 5 dpg roots. Grey arrows show the point at which cells start to elongate, and the black arrow indicates the point at which cortex cells stop growing. The last point in the curve corresponds to the first cell that presents a root hair. Data correspond to mean ± s.e. (n = 20).