Table 4.
Unadjusted multilevel logistic regression models of health centre and client level factors associated with top quartile delivery of guideline-scheduled services
| Laboratory testsa | Generalist physical checksa | Specialist physical checksa | Counselling or education (nutrition and physical activity)a | Counselling or education (high risk alcohol or tobacco use)b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | OR (95 % CI) | ORs (95 % CI) | ORs (95 % CI) | ORs (95 % CI) | ORs (95 % CI) | |
| Audit Year | 2005/2006 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2007 | 0.85 (0.71–1.05) | 2.45 (1.98–3.03)** | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | 1.68 (1.38–2.04)** | 3.30 (2.23–4.88)** | |
| 2008 | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 3.20 (2.61–3.93)** | 0.95 (0.80–1.13) | 1.69 (1.41–2.01)** | 2.32 (1.67–3.21)** | |
| 2009 | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | 5.09 (4.15–6.25)** | 1.26 (1.04–1.51)* | 2.69 (2.24–3.23)** | 2.33 (1.71–3.18)** | |
| 2010 | 1.23 (1.02–1.49(* | 5.11 (4.10–6.36)** | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 2.69 (2.22–3.26)** | 2.21 (1.59–3.09)** | |
| 2011 | 0.81 (0.69–0,97)** | 5.12 (4.19–6.2)** | 1.02 (0.85–1.21) | 2.14 (1.80–2.54)** | 2.25 (1.67–3.02)** | |
| 2012 | 1.26 (1.05–1.50)* | 6.65 (5.37–8.04)** | 1.29 (1.08–1.53)** | 2.18 (1.83–2.59)** | 2.25 (1.67–3.02)** | |
| 2013 | 1.67 (1.40–2.00)** | 9.77 (7.92–12.03)** | 1.64 (1.36–1.97)** | 2.43 (2.36–4.12)** | 2.76 (2.08–3.76)** | |
| 2014 | 1.82 (1.45–2.28)** | 9.57 (7.41–12.34)** | 1.65 (1.30–2.08)** | 2.48 (1.98–3.12)** | 2.41 (1.67–3.45)** | |
| Health Centre Characteristics | ||||||
| Duration of CQI participation | Baseline | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–2 cycles | 1.47*1.35–1.61)** | 2.40 (2.17–2.65)** | 1.40 (1.28–1.53)** | 1.89 (1.73–2.07)** | 1.59 (1.36–1.85)** | |
| ≥3 cycles | 1.54 (1.39–1.72)** | 4.13 (3.66–4.66)** | 1.48 (1.33–1.65)** | 1.79 (1.61–2.00)** | 1.77 (1.52–2.07)** | |
| Location of health centre | Non-remote | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Remote | 4.01(2.84–5.68)** | 1.85 (1.25–2.74)** | 1.66 (1.25–2.22)** | 1.82 (1.26–2.63)** | 1.16 (0.87–1.56) | |
| Governance | Community-Controlled | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Government operated | 0.85 (0.54–1.33) | 0.99 (0.64–1.54) | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | 1.18 (0.80–1.75) | 0.75 (0.57–0.98)* | |
| Service population | ≤500 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| >500– < 1000 | 1.08 (0.67–1.61) | 1.00 (0.65–1.54) | 0.88 (0.64–1.20) | 0.89 (0.60–1.32) | 0.94 (0.67–1.31) | |
| ≥1000 | 0.71 (0.49–1.04) | 0.66 (0.45–0.96) | 0.71 (0.54–0.93) | 0.68 (0.48–0.97) | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | |
| % Clients attending in past 6 months | <97 % | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≥97 % | 1.59 (1.44–1.75)** | 1.73 (1.56–1.92)** | 1.61 (1.45–1.78)** | 1.48 (1.34–1.64)** | 1.13 (0.96–1.32) | |
| Client Characteristics | ||||||
| Sex | Male | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Female | 1.08 (0.97–1.11) | 0.99 (0.92–1.17) | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 1.00 (0.95–1.07) | 0.99 (0.74–1.12) | |
| Age | ≥15- < 25 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ≥25- < 40 | 1.20 (0.91–1.57) | 1.08 (0.81–1.45) | 1.51 (1.15–1.96)** | 1.37 (1.05–1.79)** | 0.94 (0.59–1.48) | |
| ≥40- < 55 | 1.45 (1.11–1.88) | 1.50 (1.13–1.99)** | 2.26 (1.74–2.92)** | 1.58 (1.12–2.04)** | 1.05 (0.67–1.65) | |
| ≥55 | 1.62 (1.24–2.11)** | 1.62 (1.22–2.15)** | 3,27 (2,52–4.24)** | 1.57 (0.53–1.34) | 1.00 (0.63–1.58) | |
| Indigenous Status | Non-Indigenous | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Indigenous | 1.11 (0.94–1.30) | 1.35 (1.14–1.60)** | 1.15 (0.98–1.35) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 1.17 (0.84–1.64) | |
| Comorbidity | None | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| One or more | 1.53 (1.41–1.67)** | 1.52 (1.39–1.66)** | 1.65 (1.52–1.79)** | 1.46 (1.35–1.58)** | 1.24 (1/11–1.39)** | |
| Complications | None | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1–2 complications | 1.27 (1.14–1.42)** | 1.25 (1.11–1.40)** | 2.62 (2.30–1.40)** | 1,24 (1.11–1.39)** | 1.12 (0.92–1.38) | |
| >2 complications | 1.35 (1.13–1.61)** | 1.00 (0.82–1.20) | 3.47 (2.76–4.35)** | 1.08 (0.91–1.30) | 1.19 (0.86–1.66) | |
a N = 15,622 clients and 162 health centres
b N = 5962 clients and 162 health centres
*p < 0.05
**p = <0.01