Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of ARIC participants by gender and smoking status (N = 5,002)
| Characteristics | Women | Men | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking status | Smoking status | |||||||
| Overall | Never | Former | Current | Overall | Never | Former | Current | |
| N = 2,914 | N = 1,414 | N = 1,326 | N = 174 | N = 2,088 | N = 598 | N = 1,363 | N = 127 | |
| African American (%) | 679 (23.3) | 345 (24.4) | 286 (21.6) | 48 (27.6) | 349 (16.7) | 85 (14.2) | 233 (17.1) | 31 (24.4) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| ≤25 | 880 (30.2) | 409 (28.9) | 389 (29.3) | 82 (47.1) | 484 (23.2) | 140 (23.4) | 298 (21.9) | 46 (36.2) |
| 25-<30 | 1,114 (38.2) | 563 (39.8) | 498 (37.6) | 53 (30.5) | 952 (45.6) | 295 (49.3) | 607 (44.5) | 50 (39.4) |
| ≥30 | 920 (31.6) | 442 (31.3) | 439 (33.1) | 39 (22.4) | 652 (31.2) | 163 (27.3) | 458 (33.6) | 31 (24.4) |
| Less than high school education (%) | ||||||||
| Diabetes mellitusa (%) | 739 (25.5) | 366 (26.0) | 337 (25.6) | 36 (20.8) | 602 (28.9) | 148 (24.8) | 418 (30.8) | 36 (28.4) |
| Hypertensionb (%) | 2,131 (73.6) | 1,047 (74.4) | 347 (73.6) | 116 (67.8) | 1,472 (71.5) | 397(67.4) | 990 (73.5) | 85 (68.6) |
| Peripheral artery diseasec | 266 (9.1) | 100 (7.1) | 136 (10.3) | 30 (17.2) | 212 (10.2) | 31 (5.2) | 150 (11.0) | 31 (24.4) |
| Age (years) | 75.2±5.0 | 75.7±5.1 | 74.9±4.9 | 73.2±4.2 | 75.7±5.1 | 75.6±5.1 | 75.9±5.1 | 73.9±4.4 |
| Moderate to vigorous physical activity (minutes per week) | 152.5 (165.1) | 151.04 (164.7) | 155.8 (166.3) | 139.8 (158.6) | 215.3 (193.7) | 219.0 (191.2) | 218.5 (196.3) | 164.3 (170.0) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 131.2±18.2 | 131.8±18.4 | 131.0±18.1 | 128.4±17.4 | 128.6±16.8 | 128.4±16.5 | 128.6±16.7 | 129.0±19.3 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 66.3±10.3 | 66.2±10.1 | 66.7±10.5 | 65.3±9.7 | 66.5±10.6 | 67.3±10.6 | 66.2±10.4 | 65.3±11.8 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 63.0±10.3 | 63.2±9.9 | 62.8±9.8 | 63.2±8.9 | 60.5±10.0 | 59.9±9.7 | 60.6±10.1 | 62.3±10.3 |
| Pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 64.9±15.0 | 65.6±15.0 | 64.4±15.0 | 63.1±14.1 | 62.1±13.3 | 61.1±12.7 | 62.4±13.4 | 63.7±14.1 |
| Mean arterial blood pressured | 88.0±11.4 | 88.1±11.4 | 88.1±11.5 | 86.3±11.0 | 87.2±11.4 | 87.7±11.4 | 87.0±11.2 | 86.6±13.1 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.0±1.0 | 5.0±1.0 | 5.0±1.1 | 4.8±0.9 | 4.3±1.0 | 4.4±1.1 | 4.3±1.0 | 4.4±0.9 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.5±0.4 | 1.5±0.3 | 1.5±0.4 | 1.5±0.3 | 1.2±0.3 | 1.2±0.3 | 1.2±0.3 | 1.2±0.3 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.9±0.9 | 2.9±0.9 | 2.8±0.9 | 2.7±0.7 | 2.5±0.9 | 2.6±0.9 | 2.5±0.8 | 2.5±0.7 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 6.1±1.4 | 6.1±1.4 | 6.1±1.4 | 5.8±1.1 | 6.4±1.6 | 6.3±1.4 | 6.5±1.6 | 6.5±2.2 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.4±0.7 | 1.4±0.7 | 1.4±0.7 | 1.4±0.7 | 1.4±0.8 | 1.4±0.7 | 1.4±0.8 | 1.5±1.0 |
| Average cigarettes per daye | 14.5±10.1 | — | 14.2±10.1 | 17.0±9.7 | 21.1±11.9 | — | 21.0±12.0 | 22.0±11.3 |
| Years smoked cigarettese | 27.2±13.4 | — | 25.9±13.3 | 37.1±9.9 | 26.7±13.7 | — | 25.5±13.3 | 40.0±10.1 |
| Cigarette pack-years f | 22.2±15.4 | — | 20.6±18.5 | 33.5±20.8 | 31.0±24.6 | — | 29.5±23.7 | 47.3±28.6 |
| Years since smoking cessationg | 27.2±15.4 | — | 27.2±15.4 | — | 31.3±14.4 | — | 31.3±15.4 | — |
| cfPWV (cm/s) | 1,143±300 | 1,156±306 | 1,134±290 | 1104±319 | 1180±309 | 1168±301 | 1186±310 | 1171±333 |
| baPWV (cm/s) | 1,731±317 | 1,755±315 | 1,721±318 | 1612±288 | 1737±319 | 1745±303 | 1737±322 | 1693±359 |
| faPWV (cm/s) | 1,099±180 | 1,111±176 | 1,092±182 | 1044±184 | 1095±183 | 1108±172 | 1092±185 | 1072±208 |
Data are percentages or mean ± SD.
Abbreviations: ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; faPWV, femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity.
aDiabetes was defined as hemoglobin A1c value ≥6.5%, using medication for diabetes, or self-report diagnosis of diabetes at visit 5.
bHypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140, diastolic blood pressure ≥90, or on medication for high blood pressure at study visit 5.
cPeripheral artery disease was defined as a hospitalization with one of the following International Classification of Disease, 9th Edition Clinical Modification codes: 440.21–440.24, 443.9, 707.10–707.19, 785.4, 84.10–84.19, 84.91, 39.25, 39.29, 38.08, 38.16, 38.18, 38.38, 38.48–38.49, 39.50, 39.56–39.58, and 39.90 or a right or left ankle brachial index value of <0.9.
dMean arterial blood pressure calculated as 2/3(diastolic blood pressure) + 1/3(systolic blood pressure).
eAverage cigarettes per day and years smoked cigarettes evaluated in current and former smokers.
fPack-years calculated as the product of the average number of cigarettes smoked per day and years smoked, divided by 20.
gYears since smoking cessation evaluated in former smokers.