TABLE 3—
Estimated Odds Ratios of Testing Positive for Opioids Among Drivers Who Died Within 1 Hour of Crashing: United States, 1999–2013
| Variable | ORa (95% CI) |
| Before an operational law was implemented (Ref) | 1 |
| After implementation, by age | |
| Overall | 0.79 (0.61, 1.03) |
| 15–20 y | 0.95 (0.55, 1.64) |
| 21–40 y | 0.50 (0.37, 0.67) |
| ≥ 41 y | 1.04 (0.79, 1.37) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. For test of overall interaction of age-stratified estimates, χ22 = 48.7 (P < .001).
Source. Fatality Analysis Reporting System.
Multilevel model includes a random intercept for state of crash and adjusts for operational medical marijuana law (MML) status, driver’s age category (and the interaction with MML for age-stratified estimates), whether the state had ever passed an MML (and its interaction with age for age-stratified estimates), the presence of 1, ≥ 2, or no prescription drug monitoring program characteristics, and year of crash, plus driver’s characteristics (gender and blood alcohol content).