TABLE 1—
Selected Demographic and Family Characteristics of US Children Aged 1–5 Years, by Housing Assistance Status: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), United States, 2005–2012
| Resided in HUD-Assisted Housing During 1999–2014 |
Did Not Reside in HUD-Assisted Housing During 1999–2014 |
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| Characteristic | Currenta (n = 164), % (SE) | Current+Beforeb (n = 230), % (SE) | IPR < 0.50 (n = 189), % (SE) | IPR 0.50–0.99 (n = 385), % (SE) | IPR 1.00–1.99 (n = 532), % (SE) | IPR ≥ 2.00 (n = 520), % (SE) |
| All | 6.0 (0.7) | 8.7 (1.1) | 7.9 (0.9) | 14.9 (1.1) | 27.3 (1.6) | 38.1 (2.2) |
| Race/ethnicityc,d | ||||||
| Mexican American | 9.4e (2.8) | 10.9 (2.9) | 36.6 (7.0) | 37.3 (4.2) | 19.9 (2.4) | 11.1 (1.3) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 17.6e (7.2) | 24.6e (8.7) | 22.8 (5.7) | 30.6 (3.9) | 53.2 (3.9) | 71.1 (2.5) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 50.3 (7.0) | 46.1 (7.1) | 14.7 (3.5) | 12.5 (2.2) | 10.8 (1.3) | 7.5 (1.3) |
| Other | 22.6 (4.6) | 18.5 (4.0) | 25.9 (5.2) | 19.7 (3.0) | 16.1 (2.6) | 10.4 (1.5) |
| Gender of household reference personc,f | ||||||
| Male | 15.8e (6.0) | 21.4 (6.0) | 34.6 (4.7) | 43.1 (3.5) | 51.3 (4.2) | 62.6 (2.9) |
| Female | 84.2 (6.0) | 78.6 (6.0) | 65.4 (4.7) | 56.9 (3.5) | 48.7 (4.2) | 37.4 (2.9) |
| Marital status of household reference personc,f | ||||||
| Not married | 74.3 (5.4) | 69.2 (6.1) | 55.7 (4.2) | 40.0 (3.3) | 29.5 (3.5) | 11.4 (1.6) |
| Married | 20.7e (6.3) | 25.2 (7.2) | 39.6 (4.1) | 55.4 (3.4) | 67.7 (3.5) | 86.8 (1.6) |
| Not stated | 5.0e (2.1) | 5.7e (1.8) | 4.6e (1.5) | 4.6 (1.0) | 2.8e (1.1) | 1.7e (0.7) |
| Education of household reference personc,f | ||||||
| At least high school diploma | 57.5 (5.0) | 64.9 (3.5) | 43.1 (3.7) | 54.5 (3.8) | 74.2 (3.5) | 94.9 (0.9) |
| No high school diploma | 42.5 (5.0) | 35.1 (3.5) | 56.9 (3.7) | 45.5 (3.8) | 25.8 (3.5) | 5.1 (0.9) |
| Maternal age at birth, yc | ||||||
| < 20 | 16.4 (3.9) | 23.0 (3.5) | 22.9 (3.4) | 15.7 (2.4) | 11.7 (2.1) | 3.5 (0.7) |
| 20–29 | 64.0 (4.9) | 58.4 (3.9) | 57.4 (4.2) | 57.4 (3.1) | 60.6 (2.8) | 42.3 (3.3) |
| ≥ 30 | 19.7 (4.0) | 18.6 (3.6) | 19.7 (3.5) | 26.9 (3.0) | 27.8 (3.0) | 54.2 (3.3) |
| Health insurance coveragec | ||||||
| Private insurance | 8.3e (2.8) | 9.0e (2.9) | 2.8e (1.2) | 7.4 (1.3) | 34.2 (3.7) | 78.9 (2.1) |
| Other insurance | 88.2 (3.2) | 85.2 (3.3) | 90.3 (2.7) | 81.3 (2.1) | 51.5 (3.1) | 13.6 (1.7) |
| Uninsured | 3.5e (1.6) | 5.9e (1.8) | 7.0e (2.6) | 11.3 (1.8) | 14.3 (2.6) | 7.5 (1.4) |
| Household sizec | ||||||
| 2 | 11.1 (2.4) | 9.0 (1.9) | 4.1e (1.6) | 2.0e (0.7) | 4.0 (1.1) | 1.7e (0.7) |
| 3 | 25.1 (4.1) | 22.5 (3.6) | 18.2 (3.3) | 12.3 (2.1) | 15.9 (2.4) | 22.8 (2.5) |
| ≥ 4 | 63.9 (4.8) | 68.5 (4.2) | 77.8 (3.4) | 85.7 (2.1) | 80.1 (2.7) | 75.6 (2.6) |
Note. HUD = Department of Housing and Urban Development; IPR = income-to-poverty ratio. In some cases, information was missing or not stated for education of the household reference person (n = 43) and health insurance coverage (n = 1). The table excludes children linked to the HUD 1999–2014 administrative records only after the NHANES examination (n = 87); these children represented 3.2% (SE = 0.4) of our analytic sample (n = 1943).
Includes children in households receiving housing assistance at the time of the NHANES examination.
Includes children in households receiving housing assistance before the NHANES examination, at the time of the NHANES examination, or both.
χ2 P < .01 for comparison between children living in assisted housing at the time of the examination and children who did not receive housing assistance during 1999–2014 (see Table A for other characteristics examined).
“Other” includes Hispanic or Latino other than Mexican American and non-Hispanic of races other than Black and White, including multiracial.
Relative standard error > 0.30.
The household reference person for NHANES was an adult living with the child who served as the head of the household.