Table 3.
Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for biliary strictures (continuation)
| Ref. | n | Indication | Stricture length (mm) | Thermokinetics power - time | RF sessions | Technical success | Stricture diameter before RF (mm) | Stricture diameter after RF (mm) | Stent patency (d) | Survival (mo) | Complications |
| Hu et al[55], 2014 | 9 | 4 postsurgical | - | 10 W - 90 s | 1 | 100% | - | - | - | - | 2 abdominal pain |
| 3 liver transplant | (5 complete resolution | 2 transient leucocytosis | |||||||||
| 2 chronic inflam | 4 improvement) | 1 mild pancreatitis | |||||||||
| Uppal et al[56], 2014 | 2 | Prehepatic transplant | - | - | - | 100% | - | - | - | 19-35 mo FU | 1 hemobilia |
| 1 LHD-CHD CC | (No malignancy in explant) | ||||||||||
| 1 RHD-CHD CC | |||||||||||
| Strand et al[57], 2014 | 16 | 13 Klatskin CC | - | 7 W - 90 s | - | 100% | - | - | - | 9.6 | Occurrence/month: |
| 1 intrahepatic CC | Stent occlusion 0.06 | ||||||||||
| 2 extrahepatic CC | Stent migration 0.02 | ||||||||||
| Cholangitis 013 | |||||||||||
| Hepatic abscess 0.02 | |||||||||||
| Dolak et al[58], 2014 | 58 | 50 Klatskin CC | - | 10 W - 180 s | 1 | 100% | - | - | 170 | 10.6 | 1 partial liver infarction |
| 4 PC | (1-5) | 5 cholangitis | |||||||||
| 1GB can | 2 cholangiosepsis | ||||||||||
| 1 met | 3 hemobilia | ||||||||||
| 1 HCC | 1 GB empyema | ||||||||||
| 1 HCC and CC | 1 hepatic coma (1 death) | ||||||||||
| 1 left bundle branch block | |||||||||||
| Mukund et al[59], 2014 | 8 | Occluded SEMS: | - | - | 1 | 100% | - | - | 114 | No complication | |
| 4 GB cancer | (1-2) | ||||||||||
| 2 CC/2 PC | |||||||||||
| Mehendiratta et al[60], 2015 | 1 | Ampullary adenoma | - | 7 W - 90 s | - | 100% | - | - | - | - | No complication |
| with CBD invasion | (Complete ablation) | ||||||||||
| Musquer et al[61], 2015 | 1 | Occluded SEMS | - | 10 W - 90 s | - | 100% | - | - | 180 | - | - |
| (CC) | |||||||||||
| Sharaiha et al[62], 2015 | 69 | 45 CC | 14.5 | 8 W - 90 s | 1 | 100% | 2 | 4.9 | 96% | 15 for PC | 1 pancreatitis |
| 19 PC | (3.5-60) | (1-4) | at 30-d FU | 18 for CC | 2 cholecystitis | ||||||
| 1 GB cancer | 1 hemobilia | ||||||||||
| 1 gastric cancer | 3 abdominal pain | ||||||||||
| 3 liver met | |||||||||||
| Laquière et al[63], 2015 | 12 | CC | 19.5 | 10 W - 90 s | 1 | 100% | - | - | - | 12 | 1 sepsis |
| 4 Bismuth I | (10-35) | (1-3) | 1 cholangitis | ||||||||
| 3 Bismuth II | |||||||||||
| 2 Bismuth III | |||||||||||
| 3 Bismuth IV | |||||||||||
| Atar et al[64], 2015 | 21 | Occluded SEMS: | - | 10 W - 90 s | 1 | 100% | - | - | 62% | - | - |
| 11 PC/7 CC | (1-5) | at 90-d FU | |||||||||
| 1 GB can/2 liver met |
LHD: Left hepatic duct; RHD: Right hepatic duct; CHD: Common hepatic duct; CBD: Common bile duct; CC: Cholangiocarcinoma; PC: Pancreatic cancer; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; GB: Gallbladder; SEMS: Self-expanding metal stent; Met: Metastasis; FU: Follow-up.