Table 2.
EOs additives for NE prevention in poultry.
| Feed additive | Inclusion rate | Performance effects | Intestinal effects | Antimicrobial effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EOs from Thymus vulgaris (30% thymol) | 100 ppm | — | — | Decreased CP counts in the gut and feces. | [46] |
|
| |||||
| EOs mix from Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare (15% thymol and 15% carvacrol) | 100 ppm | — | — | Decreased CP counts in the gut and feces. | [46] |
|
| |||||
| Artemisia annua dry leaves | 10 g/kg | Decreased BWG. Decreased FI. Improved FCR. | Reduced NE-related gross intestinal lesion score. | In vitro antibacterial activity against CP. Decreased CP counts in ileum and ceca. | [47] |
|
| |||||
| Artemisia annua n-hexane extract | 250 mg/kg | Decreased BWG. Decreased FI. Improved FCR. | Reduced NE-related gross intestinal lesion score. | In vitro antibacterial activity against CP. Decreased CP counts in ileum and ceca. | [47] |
|
| |||||
| Capsicum/Curcuma longa oleoresin mix | 4 mg/kg | Increased body weight after CP challenge. | Reduced NE-related gross intestinal lesion score. Reduced inflammatory response against NE. | — | [48] |
|
| |||||
| Citral (mix of cis/trans-isomers, 95% purity) | 250–650 μg/g | — | Reduced NE-related gross intestinal lesion score. | In vitro antibacterial activity against CP. Decreased CP counts in ileum and ceca. No effects in lactic acid bacteria. | [49] |
|
| |||||
| Commercial EOs product (25% thymol and 25% carvacrol) | 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg | No influence in growth performance. | Reduced NE-related gross intestinal lesion score. | In vitro antibacterial activity against CP. | [50] |
|
| |||||
| Commercial herbal mix (thyme and star anise 17.0% and 17.0%) | 250 mg/kg | Improved FCR. Improved digestibility of dry matter. | Reduced NE-related gross intestinal lesion score. | Decreased CP counts in large and small intestines. | [51] |
|
| |||||
| EOs from A. millefolium | 1 g/kg | Decreased BWG. Decreased FI. Improved FCR. | — | — | [52] |
|
| |||||
| EOs from O. majorana | 1 g/kg | Improved BWG and FI under suboptimal conditions for growth. | — | — | [52] |
|
| |||||
| EOs from O. vulgare subsp. hirtum | 1 g/kg | Decreased BWG. Decreased FI. | — | — | [52] |
|
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| EOs from R. officinalis | 1 g/kg | Decreased BWG. Decreased FI. | — | — | [52] |
|
| |||||
| EOs from T. vulgaris | 1 g/kg | Improved BWG under suboptimal conditions for growth. | — | — | [52] |
|
| |||||
| EOs mix (thymol, cinnamaldehyde, and essential oil of eucalyptus) | 150 g/ton | — | Reduced NE-related gross intestinal lesion score. | In vitro antibacterial activity against CP. | [53] |
|
| |||||
| Marjoram (O. majorana) | 10 g/kg | Improved BWG and feed conversion rate under suboptimal conditions for growth. | — | — | [52] |
|
| |||||
| Oregano (O. vulgare subsp. hirtum) | 10 g/kg | Decreased BWG. Decreased FI. Improved FCR. | — | — | [52] |
|
| |||||
| Protected blend of EOs (ginger oil and carvacrol 1%) | 1.5 g/kg | Improved BWG. | Reduced NE-related gross and histopathological intestinal lesion score. Increase in intestinal villus lengths and V : C ratio. | — | [54] |
|
| |||||
| Rosemary (R. officinalis) | 10 g/kg | — | — | Decreased CP counts in ceca and feces. No effect in lactic acid bacteria. | [52] |
|
| |||||
| Thyme (T. vulgaris) | 10 g/kg | Reduced BWG and FI under suboptimal conditions for growth. | — | Decreased CP counts in ceca. No effect in lactic acid bacteria. | [52] |
|
| |||||
| Yarrow (A. millefolium var. alba) | 10 g/kg | Improved BWG and feed conversion rate under suboptimal conditions for growth. | — | Decreased CP counts in ceca and feces. No effect in lactic acid bacteria. | [52] |
CP: C. perfringens; BWG: body weight gain; FI: feed intake; FCR: food conversion rate; NE: necrotic enteritis.