Table 3.

Comparisons of β-cell function after adjusting for HOMA-IR.

	Non-FDRs NGT	FDRs		T2DM	p value
		NGT	Pre-DM
aLn HOMA-B	4.56 ± 0.05	4.59 ± 0.04	4.25 ± 0.07∗∗##	2.94 ± 0.06∗∗##††	<0.001
aLn fasting PI/SI	2.21 ± 0.06	2.62 ± 0.04∗∗	2.91 ± 0.08∗∗#	3.76 ± 0.07∗∗##††	<0.001

Notes: data are means ± SEM with adjustment for age, sex, waist circumference, and HOMA-IR.

^aLn: natural log-transformed.

^∗ p < 0.05 and ^∗∗ p < 0.01, compared with NGT-non-FDRs using Bonferroni correction.

^# p < 0.05 and  ^## p < 0.01, compared with NGT-FDRs.

^† p < 0.05 and ^†† p < 0.01, compared with pre-DM-FDRs.

NGT-non-FDRs, normal glucose tolerance subjects with no family history of diabetes; NGT-FDRs, the first-degree relatives of T2DM with normal glucose tolerance; pre-DM-FDRs, first-degree relatives of T2DM with prediabetes; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; PI/SI, proinsulin-to-specific insulin ratio.