Summary illustration showing the effects of maternal genotype (green text boxes), fetal genotype (purple text boxes), and their interplay (pink text boxes) in determining placental phenotype at D19 of pregnancy. ‡Transfer per unit SA. AA, amino acid; BT, barrier thickness; FC, fetal capillaries; Jz, junctional zone; Lz, labyrinthine zone; SA, surface area for exchange; Troph, trophoblast.