Table 3.
Standardized Effects of Hypothesized Mediation Model
| Competence Beliefs | Valuing of Education | Course Grades | Engagement | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||||||
| Est. | S.E. | 95%CIb | Est. | S.E. | 95%CI b | Est. | S.E. | 95%CI b | Est. | S.E. | 95%CI b | |
| Panel A: Sport | ||||||||||||
| Sport → Friends (α) | .11** | .05 | .11** | .05 | .11* | .05 | .09 | .05 | ||||
| Friend → Outcome (β) | .34** | .12 | .29** | .05 | .25** | .07 | .18 | .09 | ||||
| Sport → Outcome (γ) | .06 | .04 | .14** | .03 | −.02 | .04 | −.03 | .06 | ||||
| Indirect effect a (αβ) | .04 | .03 | [.01,.16] | .04 | .02 | [.01,.12] | .07 | .08 | [.02,.30] | .02 | .01 | [.002,.17] |
| Panel B: Performance arts or clubs | ||||||||||||
| Perf → Friends (α) | .06 | .06 | .06 | .05 | .07 | .05 | .09* | .04 | ||||
| Friend → Outcome (β) | .19* | .08 | .20* | .08 | .19** | .08 | .13** | .03 | ||||
| Perf → Outcome (γ) | .11* | .05 | −.01 | .03 | .10* | .05 | .15* | .07 | ||||
| Indirect effect a (αβ) | .01 | .02 | [−.01,.05] | .02 | .02 | [−.01,.05] | .03 | .05 | [−.01,.11] | .01 | .01 | [−.001,.03] |
Note: Estimates are standardized. SE is the corresponding standard error. TYPE=COMPLEX with school ID at Grade 9 for CLUSTER function was used to adjust for the data dependency.
a
Based on the unstandardized coefficients with bootstrap method;
b
A 95% CI without covering zero indicates a statistically significant indirect effect. Friend = perceived friends’ prosocial norms; Perf = Performance Arts or clubs.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01.