Experimental setup for forward (A, B) and upward (C, D) reach tasks.
Forward reach (low load (0.63kg) shown) began with the arm adducted and elbow flexed 90° (0% of movement) (A), reached forward to 80% forearm length (50% of movement) (B), then returned to the starting position (100% of movement). Upward reach (high load (3.84kg) shown) began in the same starting posture (0% movement) (C), reached to a target 20° above the shoulder (50% movement) (D), then returned to the starting posture (100% movement).