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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 6.
Published in final edited form as: J Biomech. 2016 Jun 23;49(13):2806–2816. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.06.018

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Kinematic trajectories of upward reach with high load. Mean (solid line) ± SD (shaded band) for elevation plane (A), elevation (B), and axial rotation (C) with young adults in black and older adults in blue. SPM calculated t-value trajectories for elevation plane (D), elevation (E), and axial rotation (F) comparing age groups. Shaded grey areas indicated significant differences, with dotted line indicating the significance threshold (pFWE =0.05). Older adults used significantly more anterior elevation plane postures during movement initiation and completion (A), and significantly less elevated postures during 32%–58% of the movement (B). Discrete two sample t-tests showed consistent results (G, H, I). Older adults used smaller elevation plane ROM (G), smaller elevation ROM (H), and smaller axial rotation ROM (I).